Bibliography

ID	Primary Author/Last Name	First Initial	Middle Initial	Date	Co-authors	Title	Editors/Technical Coordinators	Publication	Volume	Number	Page	Publisher	Publisher Location	Keywords	Annotation/E	Annotation/P	Source Code
98	Agamirova	M	I	1980		Growth and development of Cryptomeria japonica, Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens on the Apsheron Peninsula - Introduction studies.		Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada	115		32-34			plantations-; choice-of-species; woody-plants; phenology-; conifers-; Cryptomeria-japonica; Sequoia-sempervirens; Azerbaijan-; Russia-; USSR-; Transcaucasia; Sequoiandendron-giganteum; Caucasus; Spermatophyta; plants; Cryptomeria; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Sequoia; West-Asia; Asia; Central-Europe; Europe			E *
99	Agee	J	K	1967	Biswell, HH	Christmas tree quality of white fir understory in a giant sequoia forest.		California Agriculture	21		2-3			Title: Christmas tree quality of white fir understory in a giant sequoia forest			E
100	Agee	J	K	1968		Fuel conditions in a giant sequoia grove and surrounding plant communities.						University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: Fuel conditions in a giant sequoia grove and surrounding plant communities			E
101	Agee	J	K	1969	Biswell, HH	Seedling survival in a giant sequoia forest.		California Agriculture	23		18-19			Abies-concolor-regeneration,-natural; Burning,-controlled-for-regeneration; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-fire; Sequoia-gigantea-Sequoiadendron-g.-regeneration,-natural			E *
102	Agee	J	K	1973		Prescribed fire effects on physical and hydrological properties of mixed-conifer forest floor and soil.						University of California, School of Forestry and Conservation, Water Resources Center	Berkeley, CA	Title: Prescribed fire effects on physical and hydrological properties of mixed-conifer forest floor and soil			E
103	Agee	J	K	1978	Wakimoto, RH; Biswell, HH	Fire and fuel dynamics of Sierra Nevada conifers.		Forest Ecology and Management	1		255-265				Litterfall, decomposition of fine fuel, calorific value of fuel and fuel reduction by controlled burning were studied in plots in pure stands of ponderosa pine, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), white fir (Abies concolor), and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California. The implications of the results are discussed for fire management in these forest types.	Content: A report on the role of natural fire as a regulator of fuel loading. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The lack of fire in many areas in the Sierra Nevada has led to the accumulation of dead material, causing an unprecedented buildup of surface fuels.	E; P
104	Akers	J	P	1986		Ground water in Long Meadow area and its relation with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia National Park, California.		Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4178			15 pages	USDI US Geological Survey	Sacramento, CA			Content: The movement of groundwater from the Long Meadow area to the General Sherman tree area within Sequoia National Park was investigated. Applicable to: The water ecosystem element. Critical Findings: Akers reports that: • Westward movement of groundwater from Long Meadow to the Sherman tree area is prevented by an eastward hydraulic gradient and low fracture permeability of a granodiorite ridge separating the two areas. • A dependable groundwater supply of 50 gallons per minute (72,000 gallons per day) can be developed from the Long Meadow area. This should not affect the ground or surface water in the General Sherman tree area.	E; P
45	Albright	H	M	1957	Taylor, FJ	How we saved the big trees.		Saturday Evening Post (February 7)						Title: How we saved the big trees			E
46	Alekseyev	V	A	1975	Lavrukhina, AK; et al.	Variation in radiocarbon content in the annual rings of sequoia (1890-1916).		Geokhimiya	5		667-675			Title: Variation in radiocarbon content in the annual rings of sequoia (1890-1916)			E
47	Aley	T	J	1963		Final report on the type mapping and regeneration studies in the giant sequoia groves of Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks.								Title: Final report on the type mapping and regeneration studies in the giant sequoia groves of Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks			E
48	Alvin	K	L	1974	Boulter, MC	A controlled method of comparative study for Taxodiaceous leaf cuticles.		Botanical Journal of the Linnaeus Society	69	4	277-286			foliage-; anatomy-; conifers-; Cryptomeria-japonica; Tenthredinoidea; Cryptomeria; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants			E *
810	American, A.o.S.P.			1973	compiled by Hartesvelt, RJ	Field guidebook for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks; the national history, ecology and management of the giant sequoias.								Title: Field guidebook for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks; the national history, ecology and management of the giant sequoias.			E
50	Anderson	A	B	1968	Riffer, R; et al.	Chemistry of the genus Sequoia-G V cyclitols from the heart wood of Sequoia-gigantea-G.		Phytochemistry	7	8	1367-1371			Heartwood-extractives; Sequoia-gigantea; Wood-chemistry; Wood-chemistry-cyclitols; Wood-chemistry-taxonomic-importance			E *
5	Anderson	K		1993		Indian fire-based management in the sequoia-mixed conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada.								Title: Indian fire-based management in the sequoia-mixed conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada			E
3	Anderson	M	A	1993	Graham, RC; et al.	Late season soil water status in a giant sequoia grove.								summer-; water-; available-water; water-stress; soil-water-content; geomorphology-; landforms-; soil-water-potential; sequoia-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; USA-; California-			E *
4	Anderson	M	A	1995	Graham, RC; Alyanakian, GJ; Martynn, DZ.	Late summer water status of soils and weathered bedrock in a giant sequoia grove.		Soil Science	160	6	415-422					Content: The study measured the late summer water status of regolith (soil + weathered bedrock) profiles in the Packsaddle Grove on the Sequoia National Forest to assess the distribution of available water by geomorphic position at the end of the dry season. Applicable to: Water ecosystem element. Critical Findings: “Overall, water potential decreases (becomes more negative) at any given depth as one moves upslope out of the drainage area... During consecutive years of drought, the greater moisture stress on upland sites, compared with drainages, becomes even more acute and may be an important factor in determining site suitability for giant sequoia.”	P
49	Anderson	R	H	1944		The valley of the giants.		Trailways	9		6 pages			Title: The valley of the giants			E
51	Anderson	R	S	1988		Current research on the paleoecology and biogeography of the giant sequoia in California's national parks.		George Wright Society's Fifth Triennial Conference on Research in the National Parks and Equivalent Reserves						Title: Current research on the paleoecology and biogeography of the giant sequoia in California's national parks			E
52	Anderson	R	S	1990		Modern pollen rain within and adjacent to two giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves, Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, California.		Canadian Journal of Forest Research	20	9	1289-1305			Conifers-; Broadleaves-; Pollen-; spread-; pines-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Pinus-; Quercus-; Cornus-; USA-; California-; Chrysolepis; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Pinaceae; Fagaceae; Fagales; Cornaceae; Cornales; North-America; America; Pacific-States-of-USA; Western-States-of-USA; USA			E *
1	Anderson	R	S	1991	Smith, SJ	Paleoecology within California's Sierra Nevada National Parks: an overview of the past and prospectus for the future.		Yosemite Centennial Symposium, El Portal, CA				Yosemite Association	El Portal, CA	Title: Paleoecology within California's Sierra Nevada National Parks: an overview of the past and prospectus for the future			E
2	Anderson	R	S	1994		Paleohistory of a giant sequoia grove: the record from Log Meadow, Sequoia National Park.	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151			49-55	USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Station	Albany, CA			Content: A study of pollen and plant macrofossils from Log Meadow in the Giant Forest Grove of Sequoia National Park. Applicable to: Climate ecosystem element. Critical Findings: The authors conclude that: “A return to a cooler or wetter climatic regime or both during the middle to late Holocene allowed the expansion of the tree [giant sequoia], and the establishment of the modern grove.”	E;P
6	Anderson	R	S	1994	Smith, SJ	Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California.		Geology	22		723-726			Title: Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California			E
7	Andrews	R	W	1958		Redwood classic.						Superior Publishing Company	Seattle, WA	Title: Redwood classic			E
8	Antevs	E		1925		The big tree as a climatic measure.			352		115-153	Carnegie Institute of Washington		Title: The big tree as a climatic measure			E
811	Atchison, T.a.S.F.R.C.			191-		Big trees: Sequoia and General Grant National Parks.		The Railway					Chicago, IL	Title: Big trees: Sequoia and General Grant National Parks.			E
9	Attwell	W	G	1977	Attwell, AM	An ancient giant speaks - a legend of the giant sequoia.						Angel Press	Monterey, CA	Title: An ancient giant speaks - a legend of the giant sequoia			E
17	Aune	P	S	1994		Giant sequoias: their place in the ecosystem and society.	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151			170 pages	USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station	Albany, CA			Content: Proceedings of the June 23-25, 1992 symposium held in Visalia, California. Applicable to: All aspects of ecosystem management of giant sequoia groves. Critical Findings: The proceedings contain 28 papers presented at the symposium. The objective of the symposium was to provide the state of knowledge on giant sequoia by blending the results of research with human values and perceptions while reviewing agency policies and management directions. Refer to the proceedings.	P
18	Axelrod	D	I	1956		Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada.		University of California Publications in Geological Sciences.	33		1-322	University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada			E
19	Axelrod	D	I	1959		Late Cenozoic evolution of the Sierra big tree forest.		Evolution	13		9-23			Ecology,-plant; Palaeoecology-; Sequoia-gigantea-prehistory; Synecology-; U.S.A.-palaeoecology			E *
20	Axelrod	D	I	1962		A Pliocene Sequoiadendron forest from western Nevada.		University of California Publications of the Geological Society	39		195-268	University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: A Pliocene Sequoiadendron forest from western Nevada			E
21	Axelrod	D	I	1976		History of the coniferous forests, California and Nevada.		University of California Publications in Botany	70		1-62	University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: History of the coniferous forests, California and Nevada			E
22	Axelrod	D	I	1986		The sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron) forest: end of a dynasty.		Geophytology	16	1	25-36			Title: The sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron) forest: end of a dynasty			E
23	Baerlocher	F		1978 a	Oertli, JJ	Colonization of conifer needles by aquatic hyphomycetes.		Canadian Journal of Botany	56	1	57-62				Dead needles of Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris, P. leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea were immersed in a stream for 28 days and then examined for conidiophores of aquatic hyphomycetes. These fungi colonize untreated needles. Numbers of species and conidiophores were significantly higher on needles treated with steam before immersion than on untreated needles; both values were also higher on cut surfaces (mesophyll) than on intact surfaces (epidermis with cuticle) of longitudinally halved needles. Addition of untreated needle powder (Sequoia, P. leucodermis) to malt extract agar depressed linear growth of pure cultures of 5 aquatic hyphomycetes [Anquillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum, Tricladium angulatum]. The inhibition persisted when a 0.1 .mu.m membrane filter was placed between medium and fungal cultures. On water agar, by itself unsuitable for growth, low doses of needle powder allowed growth of the same fungi. At higher doses, inhibition again became predominant. Steam distillation of needle powder yielded 3 fractions: solid residue, soluble residue and steam distillate. Steam distillate did not influence fungal growth on the 2 media, while the other 2 fractions supported growth on water agar but did not lead to a clear dosage-effect curve on malt extract agar		E
24	Baerlocher	F		1978 b	Oertli, JJ	Inhibitors of aquatic hyphomycetes in dead conifer needles.		Mycologia	70	5	964-974		Switzerland		Needle powders of Pinus leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea were extracted with petroleum ether, ethanol, methanol, or distilled water. After evaporating the solvents, extracts and extracted powder were added to nutrient medium to examine their effect on linear expansion of 5 aquatic Hyphomycetes [Anguillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis aquatica, Lemonnlera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum and Tricladium angulatum]. All extracts depressed fungal growth, the inhibition being strongest with the 2 alcoholic extracts. The FeCl3 test indicated phenolic compounds in the alcohol and water but not in the petroleum-ether extracts. There was no correlation between the colorimetrically determined phenol content of an extract and its antifungal activity. Untreated needle powder strongly inhibited fungal growth, as did petroleum-ether or water-extracted powder. By contrast, alcohol-extracted powder did not inhibit fungal growth. The inhibitory effect of methanol extract was much more pronounced at a pH range of 4.0-4.5 than at 5.5-6.5		E
25	Baker	R	S	1943		The redwoods.						George Ronald	London, England	Title: The redwoods			E
53	Bancroft	L		1983	Nichols, T; Parsons, D; Graber, D; Evison, B; van Wagtendonk, J	Evolution of the natural fire management program at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.		Wilderness Fire symposium; 1983 November 15-18				USDA Forest Service				Content: A discussion of the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks natural fire management program, the oldest of its kind in the United States. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: Fire as a natural process is important to the long-term preservation of natural ecosystems.	E;P
54	Bannan	M	W	1966		Cell length and rate of anticlinal division in the cambium of the sequoias.		Canadian Journal of Botany	44	2	209-218			Cambium-cell-size; Forest-products-and-their-utilization; Sequoia-gigantea; Sequoia-sempervirens-wood-anatomy; Wood-anatomy			E *
55	Barbee	R	D	1968		Sequoia grove ecosystem administrative brief.								Title: Sequoia grove ecosystem administrative brief			E
56	Barton	H	M	1885		A trip to the Yosemite Valley, and the Mariposa grove big trees, California.						University Press	Dublin	Title: A trip to the Yosemite Valley, and the Mariposa grove big trees, California			E
57	Batelka	J		1977	Dockal, A	Some data on the development of Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings.		Ziva	25	2	51-52			Title: Some data on the development of Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings			E
58	Bates	T	R	1998		Response of young-growth giant sequoia to management strategies.		Master's Thesis			94 pages	University of California	Berkeley, CA			Content: This thesis describes the establishment of a long-term study in Mountain Home State Forest to investigate: how giant sequoia responds to understory burning in spring vs. fall; how intensity of underburning affects the growth of giant sequoia; how thinning and understory burning affect the regeneration of giant sequoia; how the use of thinning and understory burning affect other vegetation in giant sequoia groves. The study was started in 1989 with remeasurement of the established permanent plots is planned to be every 10 years. This thesis reports the first 5-year results (i.e., 1994) of this long-term study Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The following results are documented based on the five year measurements (i.e., 1994): trees in treated plots annually grew three times more in diameter than trees in corresponding control plots. Trees in the thinning-only and thinning-and-underburning plots grew an average of 0.34 inches in diameter per year compared to 0.12 inches per year in the control plots. Preliminary height growth data suggests that giant sequoia trees in the treated plots will grow an average of 1.5 feet per year as compared to 0.9 feet per year for trees in the untreated control plots.	P
59	Becker	E		1980	Piirto, DD	Environmental assessment - McKinley Grove compartment.								Title: Environmental assessment - McKinley Grove compartment			E
60	Been	F		1938 ?		Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea) census survey report.								Title: Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea) census survey report			E
61	Beetham	N	M	1961		The ecological tolerance range of the seedling stage of Sequoia gigantea.						Duke University	Durham, NC	Ecology,-plant; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-air-temperature; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-grazing; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-root-competition-from-adult-trees; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-shade; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-soil-moisture; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-soil-reaction; Reproductive-behaviour; Seedlings-ecology-of; Sequoia-gigantea			E *
62	Bellue	A	J	1930 a		A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Mariposa Grove.								Title: A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Mariposa Grove			E
72	Bellue	A	J	1930 b		A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Merced Grove.								Title: A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Merced Grove			E
73	Bellue	A	J	1930 c		A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Tuolumne Grove.								Title: A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Tuolumne Grove			E
74	Benson	N	J	1985		Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest.		Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedly, CA				USDA Forest Service		Title: Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest			E
75	Berland	O		1963		Giant forest's reservation: the legend and the mystery.							San Francisco, CA	Title: Giant forest's reservation: the legend and the mystery			E
76	Berry	E	W	1923		Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past.						Williams & Wilkins	Baltimore, MD	Title: Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past			E
77	Berthon	J	Y	1987	Boyer, N; et al.	Sequential rooting media and rooting capacity of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro. Peroxidase activity as a marker.		Plant Cell Report	6	5	341-344				The rooting capacities of tips of seedling, juvenile and mature shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum were compared on different rooting media (inductive and expressive media) after passage on an elongating medium. None of the cuttings rooted when continuously kept on medium containing the auxin NAA and vitamin D2. Peroxidase activity of all those cuttings on NAA + D2 first increased during the 7-9 first days and decreased in the days after. Rooting was obtained by transfer of the cuttings after periods longer than 7-9 days from the NAA + D2 inductive medium to a basal medium supplemented or not with rutin (expressive medium). The rooting capacity was emphasized by rutin treatment and was in correlation with the peroxidase peak reached on the NAA + D2 medium. Seedings, characterised by the highest perioxidase activity, were most performing in rooting		E
78	Berthon	J	Y	1989	Maldiney, R; et al.	Endogenous levels of plant hormones during the course of adventitious rooting in cuttings of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl) in vitro.		Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen	184	5-6	405-412			Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; Plant-composition; enzymes-; Growth-regulators; abscisic-acid; IAA-; zeatin-; cytokinins-; rooting-; cuttings-; Zeatin-riboside; plant-growth-regulators; growth-inhibitors; conifers-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Sequoiadendron-			E *
79	Berthon	J	Y	1990	Bentahar, S; et al.	Rooting phases of shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro and their requirements.		Plant Physiology and Biochemistry	28	5	631-638			in-vitro-culture; micropropagation-; culture-media; auxins-; forest-trees; biotechnology-; tissue-culture; shoots-; rooting-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; plant-growth-regulators; trees; woody-plants; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms			E *
80	Berthon	J	Y	1991	Boyer, N; et al.	Uptake, distribution and metabolism of 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid in shoots of juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum in relation to rooting in vitro.		Plant Physiology and Biochemistry	29	4	355-362			Conifers-; Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; clones-; Growth-regulators; 2,4-D; Roots-; plant-physiology; Tissue-culture; explants-; Age-of-trees; metabolism-; uptake-; cuttings-; rooting-; shoots-; plant-growth-regulators; Sequoiadendron-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; phenoxyacetic-herbicides; phenoxy-herbicides; herbicides; pesticides; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron			E *
81	Bishop	F	E	1985		A brief history of the big tree and the big stump.						F.E. Bishop	CA	Title: A brief history of the big tree and the big stump			E
82	Biswell	H	H	1961		The big trees and fire.		National Parks Magazine (April issue)	35		11-14					Content: The role of fire in giant sequoia groves is discussed. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: This is an early report by Dr. Biswell, a pioneer in fire ecology research in giant sequoia-mixed conifer groves.	E;P
83	Biswell	H	H	1964		Studies in the development of the Sierra redwood forest.						University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: Studies in the development of the Sierra redwood forest			E
84	Biswell	H	H	1966 a	Gibbens, RP; et al.	Big tree understory and hidden views.		California Agriculture	20		2-3			Abies-concolor-regeneration,-natural; Libocedrus-decurrens; Pinus-lambertiana-regeneration,-natural; Pinus-ponderosa-regeneration,-natural; Regeneration,natural-; Sequoia-gigantea-regeneration,-natural; Shade-tolerance; Silviculture-; Understorey-in-amenity-forest			E *
85	Biswell	H	H	1966 b	Buchanan, H; et al.	Ecology of the vegetation of a second-growth sequoia forest.		Ecology	47	4	630-634			Abies-concolor-regeneration,-natural; Clear-fellings-succession-after; Ecology,-plant; Libocedrus-decurrens; Pinus-lambertiana-regeneration,-natural; Pinus-ponderosa-regeneration,-natural; Second-growth-stands; Sequoia-gigantea-regeneration,-natural; Succession-; Succession-on-clear-fellings; Synecology-			E *
86	Biswell	H	H	1966 c	Gibbens, RP; et al.	Litter production by big trees and associated species.		California Agriculture	20		5-7			Abies-concolor-litter/humus; Libocedrus-decurrens; Litter,-forest-amounts-produced-by-different-spp.; Pinus-lambertiana-litter/humus; Pinus-ponderosa-litter/humus; Sequoia-gigantea-litter/humus; Soils-; Soils-formation			E*
87	Biswell	H	H	1968	Weaver, H	Redwood Mountain.		American Forests			4 pages			Title: Redwood Mountain			E
88	Biswell	H	H	1968 a	Gibbens, RP; et al.	Fuel conditions and fire hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia forest.		California Agriculture	22		2-4			Abies-concolor-fire-hazard; Fire-danger-fuels-amount; Fire-danger-slash-disposal-hazard; Fire-prevention-and-control-costs; Fire-prevention-and-control-economics-of; Fires-; Libocedrus-Calocedrus-decurrens; Protection-of-forests-and-plantations; Sequoia-gigantea			E*
89	Biswell	H	H	1968 b	Gibbens, RP; et al.	Fuel conditions and fire hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia forest.		National Parks Magazine	42		16-19			Title: Fuel conditions and fire hazard reduction costs in a giant sequoia forest			E
90	Biswell	H	H	1975		Placer County big tree grove.		National Parks and Conservation Magazine			14-17					Content: A report on the most northerly giant sequoia grove. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: This report describes the history and ecology of the Placer giant sequoia grove. Dr. Biswell documents the concern of Dr. Libby, Professor Emeritus of genetics, “... the intent of perpetuating the grove by this means [i.e., planting giant sequoia seedlings] is commendable, but if this stand is a distinct ecological race of giant sequoia--as it might be--its future scientific and practical value will be destroyed eventually by the introduction of non-natives to the grove.”	E;P
91	Blackford	J	L	1941		Woodpecker of the sequoias.		Audubon	43		265-269			Title: Woodpecker of the sequoias			E
92	Blank	R		1984	Buck-Gramcko, A; et al.	Wood properties of sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) from plantations in Europe - specific gravity and strength.		Forstarchiv	55	5	199-202			Wood-density; variation-; WOOD-STRENGTH; bending-strength; compressive-strength; tensile-strength; toughness-; conifers-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Sequoiadendron-; German-Federal-Republic; Belgium-; Germany-; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Western-Europe; Europe			E*
93	Blick	J	D	1963		The giant sequoia: a study in autecology.								Title: The giant sequoia: a study in autecology			E
94	Boe	K	N	1974		Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz--giant sequoia. [Seed production].		USDA Agricultural Handbook	45		767-768	USDA		Title: Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz--giant sequoia. [Seed production]			E
95	Bojarczuk	T		1980	Chylarecki, H; et al.	Regionalization of tree and shrub selections for cultivation in Poland.		Arbor Kornickie	25		329-376				The selections of trees and shrubs which are most valuable and most adapted to local site conditions were described. The list contained 669 spp. and varieties of woody plants. This is connected with the need to popularize many new ornamental varieties and new varieties adapted to particularily difficult urban environments. The tree plantings in the new open muncipal districts require diversification since a greater assortment of various species and varieties is possible. In Poland, 5 climatic regions were delineated: the western zone, the transitory zone, the eastern zone, the southern sub-montane zone and the montane zone. The western climatic zone favored the introduction of many ornamental trees and shrubs known for their sensitivity to winter frosts although exotic trees such as ebony (Diospyros lotus), bamboos (Sinarundinaria nitida) or sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) can be grown. The transitory zone has an intermediate climate. The eastern zone has a cold, more continental climate. The vegetative period is almost 2 mo. shorter than within the neighboring zones (Tarnow, Pszczyna). Only woody plants can grow there which are adapted to long lasting very cold and windy winters, e.g., Acer negundo, Physocarpus opulifolius and Rhus typhina. The submontane zone is defined by other climatic factors. The Subcarpathian valleys and the Silesian lowland belong to the warmest regions of Poland. This characteristic, the abundance of precipitation and the most intense solar radiation throughout Poland permit the introduction of many valuable trees and shrubs from genera Magnolia, Deutzia, Weigela, Juglans and others. The montane zone is different, covering the lower reaches of the Carpathian and Sudety Mountains. Successful cultivation of various species including some evergreen ones like those from genera Rhododendron, Pieris and Chamacecyparis is possible		E
96	Bon	M	C	1988	Genraud, M; et al.	Role of phenolic compounds on micropropagation of juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron-giganteum influence of activated charcoal.		Scientific Horticulture	34	3-4	283-292		Amsterdam, The Netherlands		The beneficial influence of activated charcoal (AC) (20 gl-1), added to the basal culture medium, was noted for in vitro growth and further rooting of microcuttings collected from juvenile clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum. During the elongation phase on the medium containing AC, the growing upper part of the juvenile clone microcuttings contained less polyphenols than the lower part, while this difference was not observed in mature material. Plantlets growing on AC-free medium had almost identical polyphenol levels, which greatly increased after the seventh week of culture both in the tissues and the medium. The effect of AC on microcutting growth as well as the significance of polyphenols for micropropagation are discussed		E
97	Bon	M	C	1988 a		J 16: an apex protein associated with juvenility of Sequoiadendron giganteum.		Tree Physiology	4	4	381-387			Conifers-; Juvenility-; Plant-composition; proteins-; Plant-physiology; Metabolism-; Growth-; Maturation-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Sequoiadendron-; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants			E*
10	Bon	M	C	1988 b		Nucleotide status and protein synthesis in-vivo in the apices of juvenile and maturing Sequoiadendron-giganteum during budbreak.		Physiologia Plantarum	72	4	796-800				Adenine and guanine nucleotide contents of isolated apices collected from a juvenile and a mature clone of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz during budbreak were determined. GDP and GTP contents were significantly higher in the juvenile clone apex than in the mature ones, whereas there was no difference in ATP concentration between the two materials. In vivo, induction of protein synthesis was similar in the two clones after 10 min of [35S]-methionine labeling. The increase of [35S]-methionine-tRNAs and labeled proteins continued up to 30 min for the juvenile clone. They markedly declined for the mature clone after 10 min. Only the diminution of this in vivo protein synthesis was well correlated with a decrease in GTP content		E
11	Bon	M	C	1991	Monteuuis, O	Rejuvenation of a 100-year-old Sequoiadendron giganteum through in vitro meristem culture. 2. Biochemical arguments.		Physiologia Plantarum	81	1	116-120			Conifers-; Tissue-culture; explants-; juvenility-; Biochemistry-; Biotechnology-; Sequoiadendron-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; France-; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron; Western-Europe; Europe; Mediterranean-Region			E*
12	Bonar	L		1971		A new mycocalicium on scarred sequoia in California.		Madrono	21		62-69			Decay-in-trees; Mycocalicium-sequoiae; Root-&-butt-rots; Sequoia-gigantea; Sequoia-sempervirens-fungi-associated-with			E*
13	Bonnicksen	T	M	1975		Spatial pattern and succession within a mixed-conifer-giant sequoia forest ecosystem.						University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: Spatial pattern and succession within a mixed-conifer-giant sequoia forest ecosystem			E
14	Bonnicksen	T	M	1978	Stone, EC	An analysis of vegetation management to restore the structure and function of presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest mosaics.		Unpublished final report to the USDI National Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks								Content: The structural properties of the presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest in the Redwood Creek watershed of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks were characterized (i.e., quantified) and compared to what existed in 1977 when the study was conducted. This report is based on Tom Bonnicksen’s Ph.D. Dissertation completed at the University of California, Berkeley. Applicable to: Fire and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: It was determined, for example, that: 1) the Redwood Canyon watershed is comprised of a mosaic of aggregations as space-time systems with most of the aggregations ranging from 135 to 1600 square meters (0.03 to 0.395 acres) with most overstory aggregations generally less than 800 square meters (0.20 acres); 2) conifer dominated aggregations have increased from what was present in the presettlement forest; 3) white fir top tier dominated aggregations increased from comprising 27.4 of the watershed in 1890 to 36.7 percent in 1977; 4) hardwood aggregations have decreased from comprising 9.6 percent of the watershed in 1890 to 6.3 percent in 1977; 5) shrub dominated aggregations have decreased from comprising 19 percent of the watershed in 1890 to 10.9 percent in 1977; 6) bare soil gap areas decreased from comprising 7.5 percent of the watershed area to 5.1 percent in 1977; 7) white fir dominated 45.5 percent of the watershed area covered by sapling and seedling aggregations in the 1890 presettlement forest; 8) the presettlement forest continued mature tree aggregations of which 74 percent contained an understory of trees and shrubs disputing the claim that presettlement forest was mostly open and park-like.	E; P
15	Bonnicksen	T	M	1980	Stone, EC	Reconstructing presettlement forests in National Parks: a new approach.		2nd Conference on Scientific Research in National Parks, San Francisco, CA				USDI National Park Service		Title: Reconstructing presettlement forests in National Parks: a new approach			E
16	Bonnicksen	T	M	1981	Stone, EC	The giant sequoia - mixed conifer forest community characterized through pattern analysis as a mosaic of aggregations.		Forest Ecology and Management	3	4	307-328				This hypothesis was examined using 5-point pattern analysis techniques. The results showed statistically significant levels of contagion for most of the tree classes analyzed, thereby demonstrating the presence of aggregations in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community. Both distance and quadrat methods of analysis also showed that older and larger trees have a tendency to be uniformly dispersed. Aggregations tended to decrease in size as the age of the trees increased. However, giant sequoia was unique in that its aggregations did not tend to decrease in size as the trees grew older. The quadrat methods also showed that most aggregations in the giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community range in size 135-1600 m2. These results are compared with the pattern produced by a prescribed burn designed to reduce fuels and restore natural conditions. The prescribed burn reduced the density of trees but it did not significantly alter the pattern of trees in the 41-60 yr and older age classes. The management implications of these findings are discussed	Content: A study was conducted in the Redwood Creek watershed in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. This paper formally publishes some of the results presented in Bonnicksen and Stone (1978). Applicable to: Fire and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community in the Redwood Creek watershed is composed of mosaics of more or less even-aged aggregations that are maintained by a process of cyclic change.	E; P
26	Bonnicksen	T	M	1982	Stone, EC	Managing vegetation within U.S. National Parks: A policy analysis.		Environmental Management	6	2	101-102 and 109-122				The development of management policies is briefly traced from 1872, and ambiguities in legislation are described and partially resolved. Alternative objectives put forward by the Park Service, aiming at restoring or maintaining natural conditions, are evaluated using data from a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)/mixed conifer forest in Kings Canyon National Park, California [see FA 43, 2232]. It is concluded that structural maintenance objectives (those aiming to maintain the vegetation in its current state, or restore it to its presettlement state and maintain it there) are not biologically feasible since this forest community is not in a steady state. Process maintenance objectives, allowing succession to continue in the current vegetation, or after restoration to a presettlement condition, are, therefore, preferred. A new option is also presented, based on a high resolution description of the presettlement forest community and named the reconstruction-simulation approach.	Content: A paper addressing the need to develop quantitative, clear objectives to restore national park ecosystems to their presettlement or natural state. Applicable to: Ecosystem management, adaptive management, reference variability. Critical Findings: Bonnicksen and Stone state: “No matter which philosophy is accepted, national park ecosystems will forever more be the product of man’s actions, and man’s flawed knowledge of what constitutes their natural structure and function. To be honest with themselves and the public, scientists and Park Service managers must put aside their differences, decide on the goal, and act on what is learned from scientific investigations. They must always be open to change as knowledge grows and new insights are reported.”	E;P
27	Bonnicksen	T	M	1982	Stone, EC	Reconstruction of a presettlement giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community using the aggreation approach.		Ecology	63	4	1134-1148				The presettlement state of a giant sequoia-mimed conifer forest community in the Redwood Creek watershed, Kings Canyon National Park [USA] is reconstructed using a backward projection in time of plant aggregations. The most conspicuous change in the forest community from the presettlement condition (.apprxeq. = 1890) was a general increase in the area of aggregations dominated by pole-size trees and mature trees, and a corresponding decrease in the area of aggregations dominated by sapling- and seedling-size trees. Aggregations dominated by white fir had both the greatest decline in area for sapling and seedling aggregations and the greatest increase in area for large mature, mature, and pole aggregations of any species in the watershed. The area of aggregations dominated by shrubs also declined, with manzanita aggregations showing the largest loss in area for any shrub species. Hardwoods were also a far more important part of the presettlement forest community than they are today	Content: The presettlement state (i.e., the ancient forest as it appeared before 1890) of a giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest community in the Redwood Creek watershed of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks is reconstructed using a backward projection in time of plant aggregations. This paper formally publishes some of the results presented in Bonnicksen and Stone (1978). Applicable to: Fire and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: Several major findings that are important to our overall understanding of presettlement (i.e., before 1890) vegetation mosaic in giant sequoia groves: 1) most of the overstory aggregations covered an area of 800 square meters (0.197 acres) indicating that the forest community is a mosaic of predominantly small but relatively distinct aggregations composed of one or more layers each layer made up of trees of about the same age; 2) there has been a general increase in the area of aggregations dominated by pole size and mature trees and a corresponding decrease in the area of aggregation dominated by sapling and seedling-size trees i.e., saplings and seedlings as the top tier of vegetation covered 28 percent (over one-fourth) of the watershed in 1890 as compared to 9 percent in 1977; 3) the proportion of the Redwood Creek watershed occupied overstory aggregations was 49 percent in 1890 as contrasted to 63 percent in 1977; 4) overstory aggregation areas comprised of white fir increased from 27 percent in 1890 to 37 percent in 1977; 5) area comprised of mostly hardwoods was higher in 1890 (10 percent) as compared to 6 percent in 1977; 6) area of Redwood Creek watershed comprised of shrubs has decreased from 19 percent in 1890 to 11 percent in 1977; and 7) 74 percent of the watershed in 1890 was comprised of large mature-and mature-tree aggregations containing an understory of trees and/or shrubs. 8) Bonnicksen and Stone conclude that our view of giant sequoia mixed conifer forests in presettlement times as being largely open and park-like is incorrect. Understory trees and shrubs occupied a large area of the mature upper tier classified presettlement forest.	E; P
28	Bonnicksen	T	M	1985	Stone, EC	Restoring naturalness to national parks.		Environmental Management	9	6	479-486					Content: A paper addressing the need to recover as much remaining ecological information as possible to serve as a basis for developing quantitative standards to restore naturalness in national parks. Applicable to: Ecosystem management, reference variability. Critical Findings: Physical evidence needed to develop quantitative standards of naturalness is rapidly disappearing because of the effects of wildfires, decomposition, successional changes, and other disturbances. A “rescue ecology” program is recommended to recover as much ecological information as possible before it is lost.	P
29	Bonnicksen	T	M	1988		Standards of naturalness: the national parks management challenge.		Landscape Architecture	78	2	134 and 120					Content: A paper addressing the need to develop “standards of naturalness” which in turn would serve as a basis of management for any national park in the world. Applicable to: Ecosystem management, reference variability. Critical Findings: Bonnicksen states that quantitative standards of naturalness are essential for guiding ecological restoration projects in national parks throughout the world.	P
30	Bonnicksen	T	M	1993 a		Restoring ancient giant sequoia forests. An electronic publication.						Department of Forest Science; College Station: Texas A&M University.				Content: A computer generated recreation of Redwood Mountain Grove in 1875. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: A three dimensional visualization of change in a giant sequoia ecosystem caused by disturbance events, (e.g., fire).	P
31	Bonnicksen	T	M	1993 b		Ancient forests of the Sierra Nevada.		Unpublished speaker’s notes for an industry sponsored economic summit.								Content: The future of ancient forests in the Sierra Nevada is discussed. Applicable to: All key ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The author reports that: • ”Ironically, excluding people from nature is an unnatural change that will ultimately destroy the ecological communities that environmentalists wish to preserve.” • Ancient Sierra Nevada forests are comprised of aggregations (e.g., patches, gaps, even-aged groups of trees, etc.). • The ancient forest mosaic changed continuously in both space and time. • Major disturbance events (e.g., lightning, fire, insects, animal populations, disease, landslides, human activity) brought about this continuous change. • Scientific evidence shows that Native American burning along with lightning played a decisive role in creating and maintaining ancient Sierra Nevada forests. The role of Native Americans as a natural force in the Sierras started at least 4,500 years ago. • Bonnicksen concludes, “The results of our studies show that ancient forests that are supposed to be protected are actually disappearing at an alarming rate.” • Bonnicksen supports a sustainable old-growth option where people are part of nature.	P
32	Bonnicksen	T	M	1994		Reconstruction graphics.								Title: Reconstruction graphics			E
33	Bosch	C	A	1971		Redwoods: a population model. [Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum].		Science	172	3981	345-349			Growing-stock-balance-increment/drain; Sequoia-sempervirens-management; Sequoia-sempervirens-regeneration,-natural			E*
34	Bowles	J	L	1973		Management suggestions for Sequoiadendron giganteum groves on the Sequoia National Forest.						San Jose State University	San Jose, CA	Title: Management suggestions for Sequoiadendron giganteum groves on the Sequoia National Forest			E
35	Bradley	C	B	1971		Some problems relating to the giant trees.		American Forests	77	5	29-31 and 53-56			Title: Some problems relating to the giant trees			E
36	Brant	I		1942		Protect the South Calaveras sequoia grove.						Emergency Conservation Committee	New York, NY	Title: Protect the South Calaveras sequoia grove			E
37	Brenner	J		1977	Bijak, R	Sequoia [sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum, history, California].		Sylwan	121	4	61-73			Title: Sequoia [sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum, history, California]			E
38	Briscoe	R	J	1914		The two oldest trees, one dead, one living.						Young and McCallister Press	Riverside, CA	Title: The two oldest trees, one dead, one living			E
39	Brown	P	M	1992	Hughes, MK; et al.	Giant sequoia ring-width chronologies from the central Sierra Nevada, California.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	52		1-14			forest-trees; growth-rings; drought-; dendrochronology-; dendroclimatology-; forest-fires; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; USA-; California-; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; OECD-Countries; Developed-Countries; North-America; America; Pacific-States-of-USA; Western-States-of-USA; USA			E*
40	Brown	P	M	1992/93		Proposal for tree-ring sampling (to B. Rogers, Sequoia National Forest)						University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ	Title: Proposal for tree-ring sampling (to B. Rogers, Sequoia National Forest)			E
41	Brown III	M	R	1981	Elling, CM	An historical overview of redwood logging resources within the Hume Lake Ranger District, Sequoia National Forest, California.						Sonoma State University		Title: An historical overview of redwood logging resources within the Hume Lake Ranger District, Sequoia National Forest, California			E
42	Brussard	P	F	1971	Levin, SA; et al.	Redwoods: A population model debunked.		Science	174		435			Sequoia-sempervirens-stand-structure; Stand-structure			E*
43	Bryan	J	Y	1974		Mountain monarchs.		National Parks and Conservation	48		5-8			Title: Mountain monarchs			E
44	Bryant	H	C	1940		The spotted owl nesting in the sequoia belt.		Condor	42	6	307			Title: The spotted owl nesting in the sequoia belt			E
65	Buchanan	H		1966	Gibbens, RP; Biswell, HH	Checklist of higher plants of Whitaker’s Forest.		Unpublished report to the National Science Foundation			41 pages	School of Forestry, University of California.	Berkeley, CA			Content: A checklist of higher plants. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: A listing of higher plants known to occur in the Whitaker’s Forest area is provided.	P
63	Buchanan	H		1966 a	Gibbens, RP; et al.	Checklist of higher plants of Whitaker's Forest, Tulare County, California.						Weber State College Printing Department	Ogden, UT	Title: Checklist of higher plants of Whitaker's Forest, Tulare County, California			E
64	Buchanan	H		1966 b	Biswell, HH; et al.	Succession of vegetation in a cut-over Sierra redwood forest.		Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters	43		43-48			Ecology,-plant; Sequoia-gigantea-ecology; Succession-; Succession-after-logging; Synecology-			E*
66	Buchholz	J	T	1937		Seed cone development in Sequoia gigantea.		Science	85		59			Title: Seed cone development in Sequoia gigantea			E
67	Buchholz	J	T	1938		Cone formation in Sequoia gigantea. I. The relation of stem size and tissue development to cone formation. II. The history of the seed cone.		American Journal of Botany	25	4	296-305			Title: Cone formation in Sequoia gigantea. I. The relation of stem size and tissue development to cone formation. II. The history of the seed cone			E
68	Buchholz	J	T	1939 a		The morphology and embryogeny of Sequoia gigantea.		American Journal of Botany	26	2	93-101			Title: The morphology and embryogeny of Sequoia gigantea			E
69	Buchholz	J	T	1939 b		The genetic segregation of the sequoias.		American Journal of Botany	26		534-538			Title: The genetic segregation of the sequoias.			E
70	Buchholz	J	T	1940	Kaeiser, M	A statistical study of two variables in the sequoias - pollen grain size and cotyledon number.		American Naturalist May-June			5 pages			Sequoia-Sequoiadendron-gigantea-morphology-and-embryogeny; Sequoia-sempervirens-morphology-and-embryogeny			E*
71	Buff	M		1946	Buff, C	Big tree.						Viking Press	New York, NY	Title: Big tree			E
106	Burns	R	M	1990 a	Honkala, BH	Silvics of North America.		Agriculture Handbook	1; Conifers		654	USDA	Washington,DC			Content: Silvical characteristics of major North American conifers. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: Refer to the Handbook.	P
107	Burns	R	M	1990 b	Honkala, BH	Silvics of North America.		Agriculture Handbook	2; Hardwoods		654	USDA	Washington, DC			Content: Silvical characteristics of major North American hardwoods. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: Refer to the Handbook.	P
105	Burns Jr.	T	B	1971		Sequoiadendron giganteum in Oregon - its history and potential.								Title: Sequoiadendron giganteum in Oregon - its history and potential			E
108	Bush	G		1992		Giant sequoia in national forests.		A proclamation by the President of the United States. 1992 July 14			1 page					Content: A proclamation by the President of the United States. Applicable to: All aspects of ecosystem management of national forests giant sequoia groves. Critical Findings: The proclamation extended the intent of the Sequoia National Forest Mediated Settlement Agreement to all national forest giant sequoia groves	P
109	California	G	S	1868		The Yosemite book - a description of Yosemite Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada and of the big trees of California.						Julius Bien	New York, NY	Title: The Yosemite book - a description of Yosemite Valley and the adjacent region of the Sierra Nevada and of the big trees of California.			E
812	California, D.o.B.a.P.			1964?		The redwoods of California: coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens; Sierra Redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum.								Title: The redwoods of California: coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens; Sierra Redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum.			E
813	California, S.D.o.P.a.R.			1990		Calaveras Big Trees State Park general plan.								Title: Calaveras Big Trees State Park general plan.			E
110	Canby	H		1915		The last stand of the redwoods.		Harpers Magazine						Title: The last stand of the redwoods			E
111	Caprio	A	C	1993	Swetnam, TW	Fire history and fire climatology in the southern and central Sierra Nevada.								Title: Fire history and fire climatology in the southern and central Sierra Nevada			E
113	Caprio	A	C	1994	Mutch, LS; Swetnam, TW; Baisan, CH	Temporal and spatial patterns of giant sequoia radial growth response to a high severity fire in A.D. 1297.		Unpublished contract report to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Mountain Home State Forest.								Content: The radial growth response of giant sequoia trees that survived the high severity fire in the year 1297 in Mountain Home State forest was examined. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: Refer to article.	E; P
112	Caprio	A	C	1995	Swetnam, TW	Historic fire regimes along an elevational gradient on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, California.	Brown, JK; Mutch, RW; Spoon, CW; Wakimoto, RH, techincal coordinators	Proceedings of the symposium on fire in wilderness and park management; 1993 March 30-April 1; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-320.			173-179	USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station	Odgen, UT			Content: Historic fire regimes. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: Refer to article.	E; P
115	Carlson	S	T	1935		(Report of sequoia reproduction studies in Upper Mariposa Grove).								Title: (Report of sequoia reproduction studies in Upper Mariposa Grove)			E
116	Castro	K	M	1968	Castro, D	South Grove...Calaveras Big Trees State Park.						K. M. Castro	Murphys, CA	Title: South Grove...Calaveras Big Trees State Park			E
117	Caylor	J	G	1968	Thorley, A; et al.	The use of remote sensing techniques for the detection and evaluation of tree mortality in the Red Fir, Lodgepole, Giant Forest Area of Sequoia National Park, National Park Service.						School of Forestry and Conservation, University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: The use of remote sensing techniques for the detection and evaluation of tree mortality in the Red Fir, Lodgepole, Giant Forest Area of Sequoia National Park, National Park Service			E
118	Chalchat	J	C	1988	Garry, RP; et al.	Constituents of Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh. leaf oils (giant sequoia).		Flavour Fragr. J.	3	2	69-72			Essential-oils; Foliage-; chemistry-; Plant-composition; terpenoids-; myrcene-; limonene-; conifers-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Sequoiadendron-; France-; USA-; Nevada-; pinenes; humulene			E*
119	Challacombe	J	R	1953		Redwood epic.		Holiday						Title: Redwood epic			E
120	Challacombe	J	R	1954		When the giants fell.		Popular Mechanics						Title: When the giants fell			E
121	Challacombe	J	R	1992		Reviving the great forest: An exercise in applied ecology.		Sequoia Watch	2		33 pages			Title: Reviving the great forest: An exercise in applied ecology			E
122	Chandler	E	W	1970		A different kind of Christmas tree.		American Forests	76	12	32-34			Christmas-trees-species-suitable-for; Sequoia-gizantea-Sequoiadendron-g.; Sequoia-sempervirens-Christmas-trees			E*
123	Christensen	N		1987	Cotton, L; et al.	Review of fire management program for sequoia-mixed conifer forests of Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.								Title: Review of fire management program for sequoia-mixed conifer forests of Yosemite, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks			E
126	Christensen	N		1991		Variable fire regimes on complex landscapes: ecological consequences, policy implications, and management strategies.								Title: Variable fire regimes on complex landscapes: ecological consequences, policy implications, and management strategies			E
125	Christensen	N	C	1988		Succession and natural disturbance: paradigms, problems and preservation of natural ecosystems. Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness.					62-86	University of Washington Press	Seattle, WA	Title: Succession and natural disturbance: paradigms, problems and preservation of natural ecosystems. Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness			E
124	Christensen	N	L	1987	Franklin, JF	Small-scale disturbance in forest ecosystems: meeting review.		Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America	68		51-53					Content: A discussion of the influence of small-scale disturbance events in forest ecosystems. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: A gap is defined as a site at which a canopy individual or individuals have died resulting in a change in the surviving community. Refer to the paper for further information	P
127	Cid del Prado Vera	I	Lowensbery, BF	1984		Histopathology and host range studies of the redwood nematode Rhizonema-sequoiae.		Journal of Nematology	16	1	68-72				Second-stage larvae of R. sequoiae tunnel through the cortex of the redwood Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. root to the vascular tissue where each developing female induces a single ovoid or occasionally spherical giant cell with a single ovoid to spherical nucleus containing 1-4 enlarged nucleoli. Nematode tunnels are filled with a gel material and often contain 2nd-stage larvae and males. There is tissue necrosis around females, and cortical tissue is destroyed after infection by many 2nd-stage larvae. R. sequoiae females developed to maturity on S. sempervirens, Acer macrophyllum Pursh, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt., Libocedrus Torr, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Decne. In the Marin County, California [USA], forest mature females were also found naturally infecting Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook and Arn.) Rehd., Umbellularia californica (Hook and Arn.) Nutt., and Arbutus menziesii Pursh		E
128	Clark	G		1907		The big trees of California, their history and characteristics.						Reflex Publishing Company	Redondo, CA	Title: The big trees of California, their history and characteristics			E
129	Cloer	C		1994		Reflections on management strategies of the Sequoia National Forest: A grassroots view.	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151				USDA Forest Service	Albany, CA	Title: Reflections on management strategies of the Sequoia National Forest: A grassroots view.			E
130	Cockrell	R	A	1971	Knudson, RM; et al.	Mechanical properties of southern Sierra old- and second-growth giant sequoia [giganteum].		California Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin	854		1-15					Content: A paper on wood strength properties of giant sequoia. Applicable to: Organic debris and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: Refer to the paper.	E; P
132	Cockrell	R	A	1973		The effect of specimen preparation on compression wood and normal latewood pits and wall configurations of giant sequoia.		Bulletin of the International Association of Wood Anatomists	4		19-23			wood-anatomy; pits-; tracheids-; methodology-; wood-; conifers-; research-; SEQUOIADENDRON-GIGANTEUM; Sequoia-gigantea; specimens-and-samples,-preparation; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants			E*
131	Cockrell	R	A	1973	Knudson, RM	A comparison of static bending, compression and tension parallel to grain and toughness properties of compression wood and normal wood of a giant sequoia (gigantea).		Wood Science Technology	7	4	241-250				Tests on samples removed from bolts cut at 8 ft and 20 ft above stump level from a leaning suppressed tree and tested by ASTM methods indicated that many of the strength properties of compression wood in both the green and dry state were at least equal, if not considerably superior, to those of the matched samples of normal wood. However, when specific strengths and stiffness were compared, the compression-wood samples showed lower values than normal wood, which in turn showed lower values than opposite or tension wood.		E
133	Cockrell	R	A	1974		A comparison of latewood pits, fibril orientation, and shrinkage of normal and compression wood of giant sequoia (gigantea, growth defects).		Wood Science Technology	8	3	197-206				Reports a detailed anatomical study of compression wood in Sequoia gigantea, in which it is an uncommon feature. Late-wood tracheids in compression wood had pit canals that flared towards the lumen. Boiling and drying of compression-wood blocks induced split extensions at the pit-aperture grooves. The mean S2 fibril angle of 21-25 deg (maximum 32 deg ) was considerably lower than the value (45 deg ) reported in other species. The greater fibril angles of compression wood may be responsible for greater axial shrinkage and lower tangential shrinkage. The low tangential/radial shrinkage ratio is an important physical deviation from normal wood. The magnitude of shrinkage is influenced by the manner of drying, and differs between sapwood and heartwood.		E
134	Cole	K		1983		Late Pleistocene vegetation of Kings Canyon, Sierra Nevada, California.		Quaternary Research	19		117-129				Seven packrat midden samples make possible a comparison between the modern and late Pleistocene vegetation in Kings Canyon on the western side of the southern Sierra Nevada. One modern sample contains macrofossils and pollen derived from the present-day oak-chaparral vegetation. Macrofossils from the 6 late Pleistocene samples record a mixed coniferous forest dominated by the xerophytic conifers Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus cf. ponderosa and P. monophylla. The pollen spectra of these Pleistocene middens are dominated by Pinus sp., Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae (TCT) and Artemisia sp. Mesophytic conifers are represented by low macrofossil concentrations. Sequoiadendron giganteum is presented by a few pollen grains in the full glacial. Edaphic and snow dispersal are the most likely causes of these mixed assemblages. The dominant macrofossils record a more xeric plant community than those that now occur on similar substrates at higher elevations or latitudes in the Sierra Nevada. These assemblages suggest that late Wisconsin climates were cold with mean annual precipitation not necessarily greater than modern values. A model of low summer ablation allowing for the persistence of the glaciers at higher elevations during the late Wisconsin was supported. S. giganteum may have grown at lower elevations along the western side of the range and P. monophylla may have been more widely distributed in cismontane California during the Pleistocene		E
135	Coleman	W		1976	Thorpe, TA	Induction of buds in tissue cultures of 4 different conifers.		Plant Physiology	57	5 (suppl.)	67			Title: Induction of buds in tissue cultures of 4 different conifers			E
136	Collings	A	R	1985		Redwood empire.						A.R. Collings, Inc.	Anaheim, CA	Title: Redwood empire			E
137	Collins	B	J	1975		A visit to the giant sequoias [Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sequoia National Park in California].		Ir. For.	32	2	96-100			Title: A visit to the giant sequoias [Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sequoia National Park in California]			E
138	Cook	L	F	1942		The giant sequoia of California.						U.S. Government Printing Office	Washington, DC	Title: The giant sequoia of California.			E
139	Cook	N	W	1978	Dulitz, DJ	Growth of young Sierra redwood stands on Mountain Home State Forest.									Results are reported from 2 plots out of 9 established in 1952-3 to observe growth and mortality. These contained high proportions of second growth Sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum): 45% in one plot (31-yr-old); and 90% in the other (86-yr-old). Total vol., ingrowth, mortality and p.a.i. and m.a.i. are tabulated for stand ages of 7 to 86 years. Growth rates were similar to those of second growth mixed conifer stands in the Westside Sierra region.		E
140	Cook	N	W	1979	Dulitz, DJ	Measuring the Adam tree, largest Sierra redwood on the Mountain Home State Forest.									The method used involved triangulation from various points on a closed traverse and has been developed during the measurement of other exceptionally large trees. Ht. (76.1 m), vol. and diam. measurements for the Adam tree are given and compared with those of 5 other named Sierra redwoods [Sequoiadendron giganteum].		E
141	Cotton	L		1973	Biswell, HH	Forestscape and fire restoration at Whitaker's Forest.		National Parks and Conservation Magazine	47		10-15			Title: Forestscape and fire restoration at Whitaker's Forest			E
142	Cotton	L		1987	McBride, JR	Visual impacts of prescribed burning on mixed conifer and giant sequoia forests.		Symposium on Wildland Fire 2000, South Lake Tahoe, CA				USDA Forest Service		Title: Visual impacts of prescribed burning on mixed conifer and giant sequoia forests			E
143	Cowell	A	E	1932		Report on the Grizzly Giant								Title: Report on the Grizzly Giant			E
144	Cowell	A	E	1935		Report on the Grizzly Giant								Title: Report on the Grizzly Giant			E
145	Craig	H		1954		Carbon-13 variations in sequoia rings and the atmosphere.		Science	119		141-143			Ecology,-plant; Palaeoecology-; Radiocarbon-dating; Sequoia-gigantea			E*
146	Croft	W		1994		Sequoia growth preservation: Natural or humanistic?	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151				USDA Forest Service	Albany, CA	Title: Sequoia growth preservation: Natural or humanistic? Keywords: philosophy; management; naturalness; public policy; ethics; values; behavior			E
147	Cundy	P	F	1946		[A chemical] Comparison of ancient and modern Sequoia wood.		Madrono	8		145-152			Title: [A chemical] Comparison of ancient and modern Sequoia wood			E
148	Currey	L	W	1992	Kruska, DG	Bibliography of Yosemite, the central and the southern high Sierra, and the big trees, 1839-1900.						Dawson's Book Shop	Los Angeles, CA	Title: Bibliography of Yosemite, the central and the southern high Sierra, and the big trees, 1839-1900			E
149	Cutter	B	E	1993	Guyette, RP	Anatomical, chemical, and ecological factors affecting tree species choice in dendrochemistry studies.		Journal of Environmental Quality	22	3	611-619			dendrochronology-; wood-chemistry; wood-properties; growth-rings; site-factors			E*
150	Czaja	A	T	1981		Microscopical identification of cellulose in wood.		Angew Bot.	55	5-6	495-500				If starch-free wood or timber [from Abies alba, Chamaecyparis lassoniana, Pinus sylvestris, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Callitris verrucosa, Acer pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Buxus sempervirens, Catalpa bignonioides, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Guaiacum officinale, Ochroma lagopus, Populus nigra, Quercus pedunculata, Sarothamnus scoparius, Tilia cordata, Bambusa sp. and Saccharum officinarum] is sufficiently disintegrated, 2 types of particles are obtained which show either the cellulose or the lignin reaction with suitable reagents, independently of the wood species		E
151	Davenport	H	E	1949		A story of California big trees, largest and oldest living things on earth.						Calaveras Grove Association	Stockton, CA	Title: A story of California big trees, largest and oldest living things on earth			E
152	David	C	T	1979	Tilles, DA; et al.	Factors associated with tree failure of giant sequoia-entomological aspects.		First Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks, Washington, DC				USDI National Park Service		Title: Factors associated with tree failure of giant sequoia-entomological aspects			E
153	David	C	T	1980	Wood, DL	Orientation to trails by a carpenter ant, Camponotus modoc (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in a giant sequoia forest.		Canadian Entomology	112	10	993-1000				The trails of C. modoc Wheeler follow perennial routes. The ants orient along these using both chemical and visual cues. If the chemical cues are disrupted the ants reform the trail while orienting by visual cues. They can respond to the same visual cues after at least 12 h, and since no evidence was found that the chemical cues survive the winter, probably after 6 months		E
154	David	C	T	1982 a	Wood, DL	Studies on the relationship between human use and the size of carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.) populations in a giant sequoia ecosystem.								Title: Studies on the relationship between human use and the size of carpenter ant (Camponotus sp.) populations in a giant sequoia ecosystem			E
155	David	C	T	1982 b	Wood, DL	The biology of Camponotus modoc Wheeler in a giant sequoia ecosystem.								Title: The biology of Camponotus modoc Wheeler in a giant sequoia ecosystem			E
156	Davidson	J	G	1972		Pathological problems in redwood regeneration from seed.		Ph.D. dissertation				University of California	Berkeley, CA			Content: A doctoral dissertation on the pathological problems of coast redwood regeneration developing from seed. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element and general knowledge. Critical Findings: This report has indirect significance to potential pathological problems of giant sequoia regeneration. The controversy over the scientific name for giant sequoia is discussed.	P
157	Davis	F	W	1996	Stoms, DM	Sierran vegetation: a gap analysis.		Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress	2		Chapter 23	University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources.	Davis, CA			Content: A gap analysis of plant community types for the Sierra Nevada region. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic and fire ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: Refer to the report.	P
158	Davis	O	K	1988	Moratto, MJ	Evidence for a warm dry early Holocene in the western Sierra Nevada of California: pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of Dinkey and Exchequer Meadows.		Madrono	35	2	132-149			Title: Evidence for a warm dry early Holocene in the western Sierra Nevada of California: pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of Dinkey and Exchequer Meadows			E
159	Dawson	K	J	1987 a	Greco, SE	Special management area visual resources management study for the Sequoia National Park prescribed fire management program.						Department of Environmental Design, University of California	Davis, CA	Title: Special management area visual resources management study for the Sequoia National Park prescribed fire management program			E
160	Dawson	K	J	1987 b	Greco, SE	Visual resources management study for the Sequoia National Park prescribed fire management program.								Title: Visual resources management study for the Sequoia National Park prescribed fire management program			E
161	Dawson	K	J	1990	Greco, SE	Prescribed fire and visual response in Sequoia National Park.								Title: Prescribed fire and visual response in Sequoia National Park			E
162	Dawson	K	J	1994	Greco, SE	The visual ecology of prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park.	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151				USDA Forest Service	Albany, CA	Title: The visual ecology of prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park. Keywords: preservation; restoration; aesthetics; management; fire; education; mitigation			E
163	Dayton	W	A	1943		The names of the giant sequoia.		Leaflets of Western Botany	3		209-219			Title: The names of the giant sequoia.			E
164	Dekker-Robertson	D	L	1993	Svolba, J	Results of Sequoiadendron giganteum ((Lindl))Buchh) provenance experiment in Germany.		Silvae Genetica	42	4-5	199-206			maps-; forest-trees; breeding-; inbreeding-; growth-; height-; mortality-; provenance-trials; PINOPSIDA-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Germany-; California-; USA-; trees; woody-plants; Spermatophyta; plants; gymnosperms; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; OECD-Countries; Developed-Countries; European-Union-Countries; Western-Europe; Europe; Pacific-States-of-USA; Western-States-of-USA; USA; North-America; America			E*
165	DeLeon	D		1952		Insects associated with Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoia gigantea in California.		Pan-Pacific Entomology	28	2	75-91			Insect-pests-of-trees; Protection,-forest; Sequoia-gigantea; Sequoia-sempervirens-insects			E*
166	Delkov	N		1987	Yurukov, S; et al.	Investigations of certain gymnospermous exotic species in the botanical garden of the Higher Institute of Forest Engineering.		Gorkostop Nauka	24	6	21-25				The establishment of the botanic garden of the Higher Institute of Forest Engineering.sbd.Sofia, dates since 1964. Investigations are conducted on the growth in height and diameter of the oldest trees from 19 gymnospermous exotic species: Abies cephalonica Loud., Albies concolor Lindl. et Gord., Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach., Cedrus libani Laws., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Parl., Chamaecyparis pisifera (S. et. Z.) Endl., Ginkgo biloba, L., Libocerdrus decurrens Torr., Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng., Picea pungens Dougl., Pinus ponderosa Dougl., Pinus strobus L., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, ssp. glaucescens, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, ssp. menziesii, Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchh., Taxodium distichum (L.). Rich., Thuja gigantea Nutt., Thuja occidentalis L., Thuja orientalis L. Most intensive growth in diameter is manifested by Sequoiadendron giganteum.sbd.1,25 cm mean annual increment at the age of 20 years and Cedrus libani.sbd.1,00 cm at the same age. Most intensive growth in height is manifested by Cedrus libani.sbd.49 cm mean annual increment at the age of 20 years and Pinus strobus.sbd.14 cm at the same age		E
167	Demetry	A		1995	Covington, WW; et al.	Regeneration patterns within canopy gaps in a giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest: impolications for forest restoration.		1995 Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, UT						Title: Regeneration patterns within canopy gaps in a giant sequoia-mixed conifer forest: impolications for forest restoration			E
168	Demetry	A		1996	Duriscoe, DM	Fire-caused canopy gaps as a model for the ecological restoration of giant forest village.		Unpublished report to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks				USDI National Park Service				Content: A publication documenting the results of a study of fire-caused gaps as a model of ecological restoration of giant forest village in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park. Vegetation response was analyzed in 18 gaps of three different sizes that developed within the last 7 to 15 years: 1) small gaps from 0.067 hectares (0.16 acres) to 0.097 hectares (0.239 acres) with a mean of 0.086 hectares (0.212 acres); 2) medium gaps from 0.15 hectares (0.37 acres) to 0.24 hectares (0.59 acres) with a mean of 0.20 hectares (0.49 acres); and 3) large gaps from 0.34 hectares (0.839 acres) to 1.17 hectares (2.89 acres) with a mean of 0.67 hectares (1.65 acres). Applicable to: Fire and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The authors report that: • large gaps (1.65 acres) contained the greatest number of tree species, followed by medium (0.49 acre) and small (0.21 acre) gaps. • giant sequoia, sugar pine, and white fir were present in most gaps. • giant sequoia had the highest density of the tree species in all gap sizes. • ponderosa pine and incense-cedar were found mainly in the lower-elevation plots, and red fir in the higher elevation plots and north and northeast plots. • canyon live oak and black oak each occurred in only 2 of the 18 gaps examined. • 22 shrub species were present with the large gaps containing the greatest number of shrub species followed by medium and small gaps. Whitethorn, greenleaf manzanita, Sierra gooseberry, Sierra currant, bush chinquapin, creeping snowberry, and littleleaf ceanothus occurred in the majority of gaps studied. Mountain whitethorn, greenleaf manzanita, and Sierra gooseberry were commonly observed pioneer shrub species with significantly higher cover in large gaps. • giant sequoia seedlings were both more dense and taller in gap centers than at the edges, and that pioneer shrub species tended to have denser cover in gap centers than at the edges. • Demetry and Duriscoe conclude: “These results show that for many species, gap size can explain a significant amount of variability in tree density and shrub cover in gaps. Several species, those which have characteristics of pioneer species, grew significantly denser or covered significantly more area in large gaps. These pioneer species include giant sequoia, Jeffrey pine, whitethorn, greenleaf manzanita, Sierra gooseberry, bitter cherry, elderberry, and creeping snowberry. For these species, locally intense fire which kills at least a 0.3 hectare patch of mature trees may be necessary for their vigorous growth or recruitment. The mechanism by which these species grow more densely and vigorously in large gaps may be a result both of the heating properties of fires which create large gaps, allowing more individuals to germinate (e.g., drying of the canopy-stored cones of giant sequoia and heat scarification of the soil seed bank, particularly for Ceanothus spp.), and of increased resource availability in large gaps allowing both higher survival and more rapid growth of seedling.”	P
169	Department of Biology	F	U	1987		The origin of Sequoia-sempervirens Taxodiaceae based on karyotype.		Acta Botanica Yunnanica	9	2	187-192		Shanghai		Sequoia sempervirens is an autoallopolyploid with the genomic formula AAAABB. Its complement-AA and -B, that belong to Stebbins' "1A" and "1B" karyotypic type respectively, are quite similar to the karyotypes of Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Table 1, 2). So some ancient species of Metasequoia and Sequoidendron may be the two hybrid parents of S. sempervirens, M. glypiostroboides and S. giganteum are probably direct descendants of them. The present study supports Stebbins' suggestion that one ancient species of Metasequoia would be an ancestor of S. sempervirens, but does not agree with his hypothesis that another ancestor is extinct and has not left close relatives. The original process of S. sempervirens may be shown as Fig. 1		E
814	Department of Biology, F.U., Shanghai			1987		The origin of Sequoia-sempervirens Taxodiaceae based on karyotype.		Acta Botanica Yunnanica	9	2	187-192				Sequoia sempervirens is an autoallopolyploid with the genomic formula AAAABB. Its complement-AA and -B, that belong to Stebbins' "1A" and "1B" karyotypic type respectively, are quite similar to the karyotypes of Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Sequoiadendron giganteum (Table 1, 2). So some ancient species of Metasequoia and Sequoidendron may be the two hybrid parents of S. sempervirens, M. glypiostroboides and S. giganteum are probably direct descendants of them. The present study supports Stebbins' suggestion that one ancient species of Metasequoia would be an ancestor of S. sempervirens, but does not agree with his hypothesis that another ancestor is extinct and has not left close relatives. The original process of S. sempervirens may be shown as Fig. 1		E
170	Dewitt	J		1986	Jasperson, R	To: members of the honorable review panel, NPS, sequoia fire management plan, From: Save-the-Redwoods League.								Title: To: members of the honorable review panel, NPS, sequoia fire management plan, From: Save-the-Redwoods League			E
171	Dhar	D	L	1975		Sequoiadendron giganteum--a report from Kashmir.		Indian Forestry	101	9	562-564				Briefly describes an isolated tree of S. giganteum growing in Kashmir and suggests the possibilities of the wider cultivation of the species in the western Himalayas.		E
172	Dilsaver	L	M	1990	Tweed, WC	Challenge of the big trees.						Sequoia Natural History Association	Three Rivers, CA	Title: Challenge of the big trees			E
173	Dion	C	R	1966		Mapping and cruising the Tuolumne and Merced sequoias of Yosemite National Park, California.								Title: Mapping and cruising the Tuolumne and Merced sequoias of Yosemite National Park, California			E
174	Distelbarth	H		1984	Kull, U	Seasonal trends in energy contents of storage substances in evergreen gymnosperms growing under mild climatic conditions in central Europe.		Flora	175	1	15-30			Title: Seasonal trends in energy contents of storage substances in evergreen gymnosperms growing under mild climatic conditions in central Europe			E
175	Dohmen	H		1984	Spelsberg, G; et al.	Root development of Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Buchh.--on two various localities in lower Rhineland.		Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft	75		105-113			Title: Root development of Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Buchh.--on two various localities in lower Rhineland			E
176	Donaghey	J	L	1969		The properties of heated soils and their relationship to giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) germination and seedling growth.						San Jose State College	San Jose, CA	Title: The properties of heated soils and their relationship to giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) germination and seedling growth			E
177	Dorn	T	F	1958		A radiocarbon dating system: measurements of the C 14 activity of sequoia rings.						University of Washington	Seattle, WA	Title: A radiocarbon dating system: measurements of the C 14 activity of sequoia rings			E
178	Douglass	A	E	1909		Weather cycles in the growth of big trees.		Monthly Weather Review	37		225-237			Title: Weather cycles in the growth of big trees			E
179	Douglass	A	E	1917		Climate records in the trunks of trees.		American Forestry	23		732-735.			Title: Climate records in the trunks of trees			E
180	Douglass	A	E	1919		Climatic cycles and tree-growth I: a study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity.			289	I	127 pages	Carnegie Institution of Washington		Title: Climatic cycles and tree-growth I: a study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity			E
181	Douglass	A	E	1920		Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings of trees.		Ecology	1		24-32			Title: Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings of trees			E
182	Douglass	A	E	1921		Some aspects of the use of the annual rings of trees in climate study.		The Scientific Monthly	5		5-21			Title: Some aspects of the use of the annual rings of trees in climate study			E
183	Douglass	A	E	1922		Some topographic and climatic characteristics in the annual rings of the yellow pines and sequoias of the southwest.		Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society	61		117-122			Title: Some topographic and climatic characteristics in the annual rings of the yellow pines and sequoias of the southwest			E
184	Douglass	A	E	1925		Tree rings and climate.		The Scientific Monthly	21		95-99			Title: Tree rings and climate			E
185	Douglass	A	E	1927		Solar records in tree growth.		Science	65		220-221			Title: Solar records in tree growth			E
186	Douglass	A	E	1928 a		Climatic cycles and tree-growth II: a study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity.				289 II	166 pages	Carnegie Institution of Washington		Title: Climatic cycles and tree-growth II: a study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity			E
187	Douglass	A	E	1928 b		Climate and trees.		Nature Magazine	12		51-53.			Title: Climate and trees			E
188	Douglass	A	E	1933 a		Evidence of cycles in tree-ring records.		Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences						Title: Evidence of cycles in tree-ring records			E
189	Douglass	A	E	1933 b		Tree growth and climate cycles.		The Scientific Monthly	37		481-495			Title: Tree growth and climate cycles			E
190	Douglass	A	E	1934		Tree growth and climate cycles.		9 (suppl.)			1-15	Carnegie Institute of Washington		Title: Tree growth and climate cycles			E
191	Douglass	A	E	1936		Climate cycles and tree growth. Volume III: A study of cycles.				289	171 pages	Carnegie Institute of Washington		Title: Climate cycles and tree growth. Volume III: A study of cycles			E
192	Douglass	A	E	1937		Tree rings and chronology.								Title: Tree rings and chronology			E
193	Douglass	A	E	1940		Dendrochronoloyg and studies in 'cycles'.		Proceedings of the University of Pennsylvania Bicentennial Conference.						Title: Dendrochronoloyg and studies in 'cycles'			E
194	Douglass	A	E	1944		Tree rings and climate cycles.		Phi Kappa Phi Journal	24		21-85			Title: Tree rings and climate cycles			E
195	Douglass	A	E	1945 a		Survey of sequoia studies.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	11	4	26-32			Dendrochronology-climatic-correlations; Sequoia-gigantea-growth-rings			E*
196	Douglass	A	E	1945 b		Survey of sequoia studies, II.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	12	2	10-16			Dendrochronology-; Increment-; Preclipitation-and-increment; Rings,-growth-climatic-correlations			E*
197	Douglass	A	E	1946		Sequoia survey, III: miscellaneous notes.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	13	1	5-8			Title: Sequoia survey, III: miscellaneous notes			E
198	Douglass	A	E	1949		A superior sequoia ring record.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	16	1	2-6			Title: A superior sequoia ring record			E
199	Douglass	A	E	1950 a		A superior sequoia ring record. II. A.D. 870-1209.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	16	3	24			Title: A superior sequoia ring record. II. A.D. 870-1209			E
200	Douglass	A	E	1950 b		A superior sequoia ring record. III. A.D. 360-886.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	16	4	31-32			Title: A superior sequoia ring record. III. A.D. 360-886			E
201	Douglass	A	E	1951 a		A superior sequoia ring record. IV. 7 B.C. - A.D. 372.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	17	3	23-24			Title: A superior sequoia ring record. IV. 7 B.C. - A.D. 372			E
202	Douglass	A	E	1951 b		A superior sequoia ring record. V. 271 B.C. - 1 B.C.		Tree-Ring Bulletin	17	4	31-32			Title: A superior sequoia ring record. V. 271 B.C. - 1 B.C			E
203	Dowden	D	D	1988		The tree giants: the story of the redwoods, the world's largest trees.						Falcon Press	Helena, MT	Title: The tree giants: the story of the redwoods, the world's largest trees			E
204	Doyle	W	A	1943		The names of the giant sequoia, a discussion.		Leaflets of Western Botany	3		209-219			Title: The names of the giant sequoia, a discussion			E
205	Du	W		1989	Fins, L	Genetic variation among 5 giant sequoia populations.		Silvae Genetica	38	2	70-76					Content: Genetic variation of five giant sequoia populations from the southern part of the species range was evaluated. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: Significant genetic variation in growth, crown form, cold hardiness, and patterns of cold acclimation was found among the five populations of giant sequoia.	E; P
206	Dudley	W	R	1913		The vitality of the Sequoia gigantea. Dudley Memorial Volume.						Stanford University Press.	Stanford, CA	Title: The vitality of the Sequoia gigantea. Dudley Memorial Volume			E
208	Dulitz	D		1994		Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest.	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151				USDA Forest Service	Albany, CA	Title: Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest.			E
210	Dulitz	D		1998	Medina, J; Lee, S	Vegetation responses following three management strategies in a giant sequoia forest on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest.		California Forestry Note		111	13 pages	California Department of Forestry	Sacramento, CA			Content: Vegetational changes were evaluated within a giant sequoia grove in Mountain Home State Forest comparing three management strategies: 1) preservation and protection; 2) selective timber harvesting of non-giant sequoia species; 3) prescribed burning. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic reference variability Critical Findings: This study confirmed that the lack of disturbances in giant sequoia forests will result in formation of a fully stocked stand with little or no regeneration of any of the tree species. The most likely trees species to regenerate will be white fir, leading to a long term shift in species composition. Treating the forest with selective thinning or prescribed burning will result in giant sequoia regeneration immediately following the disturbance but high levels of seedling mortality can result as a function of site and climate variables. Irrespective of the high levels of seedling mortality, survival was considered adequate to insure establishment and recruitment of giant sequoia in the understory.	P
209	Dulitz	D	D	1993		Arbor Day presentation on giant sequoia.					10 pages			Title: Arbor Day presentation on giant sequoia			E
207	Dulitz	D	J	1985		Growth and yield of giant sequoia.		Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedley, CA				USDA Forest Service		Title: Growth and yield of giant sequoia			E
211	Dunning	D		1933	Reineke, H	Preliminary yield tables for second-growth stands in the California region.		USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin		354	24 pages					Content: Growth and yield tables for second-growth mixed conifer stands in California. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: Stand conditions (e.g., tree attributes, density, volume per acre) are described by age and site class.	P
212	Duysen	G	H	1994		Perspectives of the forest products industry on management strategies.	Aune, PS	Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151				USDA Forest Service	Albany, CA	Title: Perspectives of the forest products industry on management strategies.			E
213	Eaton	J		1996		Personal communication.							Hot Springs Ranger District, Sequoia National Forest, Hot Springs, CA			Content: A discussion between Mr. Jack Eaton and Mr. Bob Rogers. Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: This discussion focused on identifying giant sequoia grove areas at risk of catastrophic fire occurrence because of a number of interconnected factors (e.g., fuel loading, fuel ladders, dense vegetation, topographic considerations).	P
214	Ekenwalder	J	E	1976		A re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger.		Madrono	23		237-256			Title: A re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger			E
215	El-Dessouki	S		1974		Some constituents of Sequoidendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz.		[Hohenheim? : s.n.]	53					Title: Some constituents of Sequoidendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz			E
216	Elliott-Fisk	D		1996	Stephens, S; Aubert, JE; Murphy, D; Schaber, J	Mediated Settlement Agreement for Sequoia National Forest, Section B, giant sequoia groves: an evaluation.		Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Addendum.				University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources.	Davis, CA			Content: An evaluation of giant sequoia groves under the Mediated Settlement Agreement. Applicable to: All identified ecosystem elements important to the management of giant sequoia groves and surrounding areas. Critical Findings: The report includes: • an ecological database, geographic information system with spatial grove boundaries, and scientific bibliography; • an assessment of current grove mapping methodologies used by Sequoia National Forest and by other administrative units; • an evaluation of the MSA; • a review of grove management practices and responses to these practices; • a review of the implications of the Sequoia National Forest moving towards implementation of ecosystem management of national forest giant sequoia groves. • a review of past and present human uses of the groves, human values, and various methods of potential public information, dissemination, and education.	E; P
217	Ellsworth	R	S	1922		The giant sequoia in the Mariposa Grove of big trees.						Yosemite National Park Co.	Yosemite, CA	Title: The giant sequoia in the Mariposa Grove of big trees			E
218	Ellsworth	R	S	1924		The giant sequoia, an account of the history and characteristics of the big trees of California.						J. D. Berger	Oakland, CA	Title: The giant sequoia, an account of the history and characteristics of the big trees of California			E
219	Ellsworth	R	S	1933		The discovery of the big trees of California.						University of California		Title: The discovery of the big trees of California			E
220	Ellsworth	R	S	n.d.		The claims of discovery of the big trees of California.								Title: The claims of discovery of the big trees of California			E
221	Engbeck Jr.	J	H	1973		The enduring giants.					120 pages	Regents of the University of California, University Extension	Berkeley, CA			Content: An interpretive guide with a focus on Calaveras Big Trees State Park. Applicable to: All ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The natural history of giant sequoia, history of human association with giant sequoia, and the movement to preserve Calaveras Groves are discussed.	E; P
222	Engel	M	H	1977	Zumberge, JE; et al.	Kinetics of amino acid racemization in Sequoiadendron giganteum heartwood.		Analytical Biochemistry	82	2	415-422				Activation energies and Arrhenius frequency factors were calculated for the racemization reaction of 4 bound amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine) isolated from sequoia heartwood, by using elevated temperature rate constants. A first-order rate constant of 2.1 .times. 10-5 yr-1 was calculated for the racemization of bound aspartic acid from the extent of racemization in dendrochronologically dated sequoia heartwood samples. Because the racemization reaction is temperature dependent, an average temperature which the bound aspartic acid in sequoia had experienced during the past .apprx. 2200 yr was obtained. This value agrees with modern temperatures near the sample location and estimated paleotemperatures during the past .apprx. 2000 years		E
223	English	J		1982		McKinley grove of big trees.						USDA Forest Service		Title: McKinley grove of big trees			E
227	Erman	D	C	1996	Jones, R	Fire frequency analysis of Sierra forests.		Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Final report to Congress	2	chapter 42		University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources	Davis, CA			Content: The pattern and frequency of fire size reported for seven national forests and Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks were assessed by frequency analysis. Applicable to: Fire and organic debris ecosystem elements. Critical Findings: The following conclusions were reached. • The forests in the different Sierra regions do not have similar fire size at the same frequencies; • The fire frequencies have changed over time for most but not all forests in this century. • The magnitude of change in fire frequencies among the forests depends on the forest. Those in the central-western Sierra showed the greatest change. • Not all forest exhibit a similar pattern of fire frequency. • There is a regional pattern in fire frequency. The trend in the central-western Sierra, particularly the Eldorado National Forest, is for small, frequent fires to be smaller since 1950 and large, infrequent fires to be larger. A nearly opposite pattern occurs in the southern Sierra, particularly Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks.	P
226	Evans	L	S	1991	Leonard, MR	Histological determination of ozone injury symptoms of primary needles of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchh).		New Phytologist	117	4	557-564			Conifers-; Air-pollution; ozone-; histology-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; USA-; California-; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; North-America; America; Pacific-States-of-USA; Western-States-of-USA; USA			E*
224	Evans	O	M	1924		Big tree measurements, Calaveras Groves of big trees.						USDA Forest Service		Title: Big tree measurements, Calaveras Groves of big trees			E
225	Evans	O	M	1926		The Calaveras Grove of big trees.		West Coast Lumberman	50		154			Title: The Calaveras Grove of big trees			E
228	Evarts	B		1979		Comments for recommendations for future development and management of Nelder Grove.								Title: Comments for recommendations for future development and management of Nelder Grove			E
229	Evarts	B		1989		Walk the sequoia woods.		The 1990 Redwoods and Big Trees Calendar				Dream Garden Press		Title: Walk the sequoia woods			E
230	Ewan	J		1973		William Lobb, plant hunter for Veitch and messenger of the big tree.		University of California Publications in Botany	67		1-36	University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: William Lobb, plant hunter for Veitch and messenger of the big tree			E
231	Eyre	F	H	1980		Forest cover types of the United States and Canada.	Eyre, FH					Society of American Foresters	Washington, DC			Content: A report documenting the results of a giant sequoia seed germination trial. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: The author states: “Germination trials with giant sequoia seed samples show that long stratification periods (> 60 days) and an overnight soak in distilled water prior to stratification promote rapid germination at relatively high rates.”	P
232	Farmer	L		1972	Parrish, D	Random survey of redwood dimensions in Calaveras Big Trees State Park.								Title: Random survey of redwood dimensions in Calaveras Big Trees State Park	compare with Evans 1924 measures		E
233	Farquar	F	P	1927		Vagaries of the big trees.		American Forests and Forest Life. May						Title: Vagaries of the big trees			E
234	Farquar	F	P	1948		Yosemite, the big trees, and the high Sierra; a selective bibliography.						University of California Press.	Berkeley, CA	Title: Yosemite, the big trees, and the high Sierra; a selective bibliography			E
235	Fenn	M	E	1989	Dunn, PH; et al.	Effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide on phyllosphere fungi from three tree species.		Applied Environmental Microbiology	55	2	412-418			oranges-; ozone-; phylloplane-fungi; sulfur-dioxide; activity-; Conifers-; Broadleaves-; Air-pollution; foliage-; microbial-flora; forest-trees; fruit-crops; plant-pathology; Alternaria-alternata; Cladosporium-cladosporioides; Citrus-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Quercus-kelloggii; Sequoiadendron-; Quercus-; California-; USA-; fungi; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; trees; woody-plants; Alternaria; Deuteromycotina; Eumycota; Cladosporium; Rutaceae; Sapindales; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Quercus; Fagaceae; Fagales; Pacific-States-of-USA; Western-States-of-USA; USA; North-America; America			E*
236	Findley			1990		Will we save our endangered forests?		National Geographic	178		31			Title: Will we save our endangered forests?			E
237	Fink	S		1984		Some cases of delayed or induced development of axillary buds from persisting detached meristems in conifers.		American Journal of Botany	71	1	44-51				In the apparently empty axils of the needles of Taxus baccata, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Cryptomeria japonica, Thuja occidentalis and Thujopsis dolabrata persisting detached meristems were found, which are derived from superficial layers of the apical eumeristem. In T. baccata delayed development of minute axillary buds occurs from these meristems after 1-4 yr on the intact plant. In the other conifers, development of additional axillary buds from these meristems was induced by natural frost damage or by artificial pruning and disbudding. The discovery of these detached meristems is discussed with regard to the regenerative capacity of the conifers in comparison to other plants		E
238	Fins	L		1979		Genetic architecture of giant sequoia.						University of California	Berkeley, CA	Title: Genetic architecture of giant sequoia.			E
239	Fins	L		1980		Propagation of giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum by rooting cuttings.		Combined Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society							Cuttings taken from 6-month-old greenhouse-grown seedlings of Sequoiadendron giganteum gave 70% rooting after 6 months with a standard mist propagation technique designed for conifers, and 86-88% when a liquid NPK fertilizer was applied weekly to the rooting medium. Fertilizer use was only beneficial under moist conditions, and can reduce rooting under low-mist conditions. Angled cuts (approx. 45deg) increased speed of rooting and possibly rooting % compared with 90deg cuts. Material from 40-yr-old trees was rooted with difficulty, but survival after rooting was very poor		E
240	Fins	L		1981		Seed germination of giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum.		Tree Planters Notes	32	2	3-8	USDA Forest Service			Sequoiadendron giganteum cones were collected in summer and autumn 1974-76 [in California], and seeds from 2 populations were soaked overnight, and stratified at 2.2-2.8degC for 0-91 days with or without captan. Germination was recorded after 5 wk. The 2 populations were significantly different (av. germination 40.7 and 34.9%). Germination was slower in the presence of captan and after short (0 and 7 days) stratification periods, but final germination percentage were not affected. In a second experiment, seed samples from 5 populations were soaked overnight in aerated water, treated with captan, and stratified for 25 days at 2.8degC. After 5 wk there were significant differences between populations in germination. Av. germination of soaked seeds was 25.6%, compared with 20.2% for unsoaked controls, but the differences were not significant	Content: A report documenting the results of a giant sequoia seed germination trial. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: The author states: “Germination trials with giant sequoia seed samples show that long stratification periods (> 60 days) and an overnight soak in distilled water prior to stratification promote rapid germination at relatively high rates.”	E; P
241	Fins	L		1982	Libby, WJ	Population variation in Sequoiadendron giganteum: Seed and seedling studies, vegetative propagation, and isozyme variation.		Silvae Genetica	31	4	102-110				Seed samples were collected from 35 natural populations of giant sequoia and examined for seed weight, germination percent, cotyledon number, rootability of cuttings, and isozyme variation. Samples were significantly variable in percent seed germination, cotyledon number, isozyme allele frequencies and observed heterozygosity. Seed germination varied among populations, but did not reveal any clear geographic patterns. Cotyledon numbers (of 871 seedlings) varied among populations and geographic areas. Cuttings (from 608 seedlings) rooted at 94%. Isozyme variation was found in every population sample at one or more loci. Little if any recent gene flow is likely to have occurred between the northern and southern populations. Relatively low heterozygosity among embryo samples suggests that inbreeding and/or population substructuring is likely in giant sequoia populations. Relatively higher levels of heterozygosity are found in the southern parts of the range, suggesting different local selective regimes. Early data suggest that the most northern native population (Placer Grove) may be substantially different from the other populations	Content: This paper is the first published study of patterns and amounts of genetic variation among samples from native populations of giant sequoia. Applicable to: Vegetation mosaic ecosystem element. Critical Findings: “Seed samples were collected from 35 natural populations of giant sequoia and examined for seed weight, germination, cotyledon number, rootability of cuttings, and isozyme variation. Samples were significantly variable in percent seed germination, cotyledon number, isozyme allele frequencies, and observed heterozygosity... Little if any recent gene flow is likely to have occurred between the northern and southern populations. Relatively low heterozygosity among embryo samples suggests that inbreeding and/or population substructuring is likely in giant sequoia populations. Relatively higher levels of heterozygosity are found in the southern parts of the range, suggesting different local selective regimes...Careful attention to these patterns will allow us t