Bibliography
ID Primary Author/Last Name First Initial Middle Initial Date Co-authors Title Editors/Technical Coordinators Publication Volume Number Page Publisher Publisher Location Keywords Annotation/E Annotation/P Source Code
98 Agamirova M I 1980
Growth and development of Cryptomeria japonica, Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens on the Apsheron Peninsula - Introduction studies.
Biull. Gl. Bot. Sada 115
32-34

plantations-; choice-of-species; woody-plants; phenology-; conifers-; Cryptomeria-japonica; Sequoia-sempervirens;
Azerbaijan-; Russia-; USSR-; Transcaucasia; Sequoiandendron-giganteum; Caucasus; Spermatophyta; plants; Cryptomeria; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Sequoia; West-Asia; Asia; Central-Europe; Europe

E *
99 Agee J K 1967 Biswell, HH Christmas tree quality of white fir understory in a giant sequoia forest.
California Agriculture 21
2-3

Title: Christmas tree quality of white fir understory in a giant sequoia forest

E
100 Agee J K 1968
Fuel conditions in a giant sequoia grove and surrounding plant communities.




University of California Berkeley, CA Title: Fuel conditions in a giant sequoia grove and surrounding plant communities

E
101 Agee J K 1969 Biswell, HH Seedling survival in a giant sequoia forest.
California Agriculture 23
18-19

Abies-concolor-regeneration,-natural; Burning,-controlled-for-regeneration; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-fire; Sequoia-gigantea-Sequoiadendron-g.-regeneration,-natural

E *
102 Agee J K 1973
Prescribed fire effects on physical and hydrological properties of mixed-conifer forest floor and soil.




University of California, School of Forestry and Conservation, Water Resources Center Berkeley, CA Title: Prescribed fire effects on physical and hydrological properties of mixed-conifer forest floor and soil

E
103 Agee J K 1978 Wakimoto, RH; Biswell, HH Fire and fuel dynamics of Sierra Nevada conifers.
Forest Ecology and Management 1
255-265


Litterfall, decomposition of fine fuel, calorific value of fuel and fuel reduction by controlled burning were studied in plots in pure stands of ponderosa pine, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), white fir (Abies concolor), and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California. The implications of the results are discussed for fire management in these forest types. Content: A report on the role of natural fire as a regulator of fuel loading.
Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements.
Critical Findings: The lack of fire in many areas in the Sierra Nevada has led to the accumulation of dead material, causing an unprecedented buildup of surface fuels.		 E; P
104 Akers J P 1986
Ground water in Long Meadow area and its relation with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia National Park, California.
Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4178

15 pages USDI US Geological Survey Sacramento, CA

Content: The movement of groundwater from the Long Meadow area to the General Sherman tree area within Sequoia National Park was investigated.
Applicable to: The water ecosystem element.
Critical Findings: Akers reports that:
• Westward movement of groundwater from Long Meadow to the Sherman tree area is prevented by an eastward hydraulic gradient and low fracture permeability of a granodiorite ridge separating the two areas.
• A dependable groundwater supply of 50 gallons per minute (72,000 gallons per day) can be developed from the Long Meadow area. This should not affect the ground or surface water in the General Sherman tree area.		 E; P
45 Albright H M 1957 Taylor, FJ How we saved the big trees.
Saturday Evening Post (February 7)




Title: How we saved the big trees

E
46 Alekseyev V A 1975 Lavrukhina, AK; et al. Variation in radiocarbon content in the annual rings of sequoia (1890-1916).
Geokhimiya 5
667-675

Title: Variation in radiocarbon content in the annual rings of sequoia (1890-1916)

E
47 Aley T J 1963
Final report on the type mapping and regeneration studies in the giant sequoia groves of Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks.






Title: Final report on the type mapping and regeneration studies in the giant sequoia groves of Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks

E
48 Alvin K L 1974 Boulter, MC A controlled method of comparative study for Taxodiaceous leaf cuticles.
Botanical Journal of the Linnaeus Society 69 4 277-286

foliage-; anatomy-; conifers-; Cryptomeria-japonica; Tenthredinoidea; Cryptomeria; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants

E *
810 American, A.o.S.P.

1973 compiled by Hartesvelt, RJ Field guidebook for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks; the national history, ecology and management of the giant sequoias.






Title: Field guidebook for Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks; the national history, ecology and management of the giant sequoias.

E
50 Anderson A B 1968 Riffer, R; et al. Chemistry of the genus Sequoia-G V cyclitols from the heart wood of Sequoia-gigantea-G.
Phytochemistry 7 8 1367-1371

Heartwood-extractives; Sequoia-gigantea; Wood-chemistry; Wood-chemistry-cyclitols; Wood-chemistry-taxonomic-importance

E *
5 Anderson K
1993
Indian fire-based management in the sequoia-mixed conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada.






Title: Indian fire-based management in the sequoia-mixed conifer forests of the central and southern Sierra Nevada

E
3 Anderson M A 1993 Graham, RC; et al. Late season soil water status in a giant sequoia grove.






summer-; water-; available-water; water-stress; soil-water-content; geomorphology-; landforms-; soil-water-potential;
sequoia-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; USA-; California-

E *
4 Anderson M A 1995 Graham, RC; Alyanakian, GJ; Martynn, DZ. Late summer water status of soils and weathered bedrock in a giant sequoia grove.
Soil Science 160 6 415-422



Content: The study measured the late summer water status of regolith (soil + weathered bedrock) profiles in the Packsaddle Grove on the Sequoia National Forest to assess the distribution of available water by geomorphic position at the end of the dry season.
Applicable to: Water ecosystem element.
Critical Findings: “Overall, water potential decreases (becomes more negative) at any given depth as one moves upslope out of the drainage area... During consecutive years of drought, the greater moisture stress on upland sites, compared with drainages, becomes even more acute and may be an important factor in determining site suitability for giant sequoia.”		 P
49 Anderson R H 1944
The valley of the giants.
Trailways 9
6 pages

Title: The valley of the giants

E
51 Anderson R S 1988
Current research on the paleoecology and biogeography of the giant sequoia in California's national parks.
George Wright Society's Fifth Triennial Conference on Research in the National Parks and Equivalent Reserves




Title: Current research on the paleoecology and biogeography of the giant sequoia in California's national parks

E
52 Anderson R S 1990
Modern pollen rain within and adjacent to two giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves, Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, California.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20 9 1289-1305

Conifers-; Broadleaves-; Pollen-; spread-; pines-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Pinus-; Quercus-; Cornus-; USA-; California-; Chrysolepis; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Pinaceae; Fagaceae; Fagales; Cornaceae; Cornales; North-America; America; Pacific-States-of-USA; Western-States-of-USA; USA

E *
1 Anderson R S 1991 Smith, SJ Paleoecology within California's Sierra Nevada National Parks: an overview of the past and prospectus for the future.
Yosemite Centennial Symposium, El Portal, CA


Yosemite Association El Portal, CA Title: Paleoecology within California's Sierra Nevada National Parks: an overview of the past and prospectus for the future

E
2 Anderson R S 1994
Paleohistory of a giant sequoia grove: the record from Log Meadow, Sequoia National Park. Aune, PS Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151

49-55 USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Station Albany, CA

Content: A study of pollen and plant macrofossils from Log Meadow in the Giant Forest Grove of Sequoia National Park.
Applicable to: Climate ecosystem element.
Critical Findings: The authors conclude that: “A return to a cooler or wetter climatic regime or both during the middle to late Holocene allowed the expansion of the tree [giant sequoia], and the establishment of the modern grove.”		 E;P
6 Anderson R S 1994 Smith, SJ Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California.
Geology 22
723-726

Title: Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California

E
7 Andrews R W 1958
Redwood classic.




Superior Publishing Company Seattle, WA Title: Redwood classic

E
8 Antevs E
1925
The big tree as a climatic measure.

352
115-153 Carnegie Institute of Washington
Title: The big tree as a climatic measure

E
811 Atchison, T.a.S.F.R.C.

191-
Big trees: Sequoia and General Grant National Parks.
The Railway



Chicago, IL Title: Big trees: Sequoia and General Grant National Parks.

E
9 Attwell W G 1977 Attwell, AM An ancient giant speaks - a legend of the giant sequoia.




Angel Press Monterey, CA Title: An ancient giant speaks - a legend of the giant sequoia

E
17 Aune P S 1994
Giant sequoias: their place in the ecosystem and society. Aune, PS Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society; 1992 June 23-25; Visalia, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-151

170 pages USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, CA

Content: Proceedings of the June 23-25, 1992 symposium held in Visalia, California.
Applicable to: All aspects of ecosystem management of giant sequoia groves.
Critical Findings: The proceedings contain 28 papers presented at the symposium. The objective of the symposium was to provide the state of knowledge on giant sequoia by blending the results of research with human values and perceptions while reviewing agency policies and management directions. Refer to the proceedings.		 P
18 Axelrod D I 1956
Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada.
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. 33
1-322 University of California Berkeley, CA Title: Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada

E
19 Axelrod D I 1959
Late Cenozoic evolution of the Sierra big tree forest.
Evolution 13
9-23

Ecology,-plant; Palaeoecology-; Sequoia-gigantea-prehistory; Synecology-; U.S.A.-palaeoecology

E *
20 Axelrod D I 1962
A Pliocene Sequoiadendron forest from western Nevada.
University of California Publications of the Geological Society 39
195-268 University of California Berkeley, CA Title: A Pliocene Sequoiadendron forest from western Nevada

E
21 Axelrod D I 1976
History of the coniferous forests, California and Nevada.
University of California Publications in Botany 70
1-62 University of California Berkeley, CA Title: History of the coniferous forests, California and Nevada

E
22 Axelrod D I 1986
The sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron) forest: end of a dynasty.
Geophytology 16 1 25-36

Title: The sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron) forest: end of a dynasty

E
23 Baerlocher F
1978 a Oertli, JJ Colonization of conifer needles by aquatic hyphomycetes.
Canadian Journal of Botany 56 1 57-62


Dead needles of Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris, P. leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea were immersed in a stream for 28 days and then examined for conidiophores of aquatic hyphomycetes. These fungi colonize untreated needles. Numbers of species and conidiophores were significantly higher on needles treated with steam before immersion than on untreated needles; both values were also higher on cut surfaces (mesophyll) than on intact surfaces (epidermis with cuticle) of longitudinally halved needles. Addition of untreated needle powder (Sequoia, P. leucodermis) to malt extract agar depressed linear growth of pure cultures of 5 aquatic hyphomycetes [Anquillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis aquatica, Lemonniera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum, Tricladium angulatum]. The inhibition persisted when a 0.1 .mu.m membrane filter was placed between medium and fungal cultures. On water agar, by itself unsuitable for growth, low doses of needle powder allowed growth of the same fungi. At higher doses, inhibition again became predominant. Steam distillation of needle powder yielded 3 fractions: solid residue, soluble residue and steam distillate. Steam distillate did not influence fungal growth on the 2 media, while the other 2 fractions supported growth on water agar but did not lead to a clear dosage-effect curve on malt extract agar
E
24 Baerlocher F
1978 b Oertli, JJ Inhibitors of aquatic hyphomycetes in dead conifer needles.
Mycologia 70 5 964-974
Switzerland
Needle powders of Pinus leucodermis and Sequoia gigantea were extracted with petroleum ether, ethanol, methanol, or distilled water. After evaporating the solvents, extracts and extracted powder were added to nutrient medium to examine their effect on linear expansion of 5 aquatic Hyphomycetes [Anguillospora pseudolongissima, Clavariopsis aquatica, Lemonnlera aquatica, Tetracladium marchalianum and Tricladium angulatum]. All extracts depressed fungal growth, the inhibition being strongest with the 2 alcoholic extracts. The FeCl3 test indicated phenolic compounds in the alcohol and water but not in the petroleum-ether extracts. There was no correlation between the colorimetrically determined phenol content of an extract and its antifungal activity. Untreated needle powder strongly inhibited fungal growth, as did petroleum-ether or water-extracted powder. By contrast, alcohol-extracted powder did not inhibit fungal growth. The inhibitory effect of methanol extract was much more pronounced at a pH range of 4.0-4.5 than at 5.5-6.5
E
25 Baker R S 1943
The redwoods.




George Ronald London, England Title: The redwoods

E
53 Bancroft L
1983 Nichols, T; Parsons, D; Graber, D; Evison, B; van Wagtendonk, J Evolution of the natural fire management program at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.
Wilderness Fire symposium; 1983 November 15-18


USDA Forest Service


Content: A discussion of the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks natural fire management program, the oldest of its kind in the United States.
Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation ecosystem elements.
Critical Findings: Fire as a natural process is important to the long-term preservation of natural ecosystems.		 E;P
54 Bannan M W 1966
Cell length and rate of anticlinal division in the cambium of the sequoias.
Canadian Journal of Botany 44 2 209-218

Cambium-cell-size; Forest-products-and-their-utilization; Sequoia-gigantea; Sequoia-sempervirens-wood-anatomy; Wood-anatomy

E *
55 Barbee R D 1968
Sequoia grove ecosystem administrative brief.






Title: Sequoia grove ecosystem administrative brief

E
56 Barton H M 1885
A trip to the Yosemite Valley, and the Mariposa grove big trees, California.




University Press Dublin Title: A trip to the Yosemite Valley, and the Mariposa grove big trees, California

E
57 Batelka J
1977 Dockal, A Some data on the development of Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings.
Ziva 25 2 51-52

Title: Some data on the development of Sequoiadendron giganteum seedlings

E
58 Bates T R 1998
Response of young-growth giant sequoia to management strategies.
Master's Thesis

94 pages University of California Berkeley, CA

Content: This thesis describes the establishment of a long-term study in Mountain Home State Forest to investigate: how giant sequoia responds to understory burning in spring vs. fall; how intensity of underburning affects the growth of giant sequoia; how thinning and understory burning affect the regeneration of giant sequoia; how the use of thinning and understory burning affect other vegetation in giant sequoia groves. The study was started in 1989 with remeasurement of the established permanent plots is planned to be every 10 years. This thesis reports the first 5-year results (i.e., 1994) of this long-term study
Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation mosaic ecosystem elements.
Critical Findings: The following results are documented based on the five year measurements (i.e., 1994): trees in treated plots annually grew three times more in diameter than trees in corresponding control plots. Trees in the thinning-only and thinning-and-underburning plots grew an average of 0.34 inches in diameter per year compared to 0.12 inches per year in the control plots. Preliminary height growth data suggests that giant sequoia trees in the treated plots will grow an average of 1.5 feet per year as compared to 0.9 feet per year for trees in the untreated control plots.		 P
59 Becker E
1980 Piirto, DD Environmental assessment - McKinley Grove compartment.






Title: Environmental assessment - McKinley Grove compartment

E
60 Been F
1938 ?
Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea) census survey report.






Title: Big Tree (Sequoia gigantea) census survey report

E
61 Beetham N M 1961
The ecological tolerance range of the seedling stage of Sequoia gigantea.




Duke University Durham, NC Ecology,-plant; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-air-temperature; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-grazing; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-root-competition-from-adult-trees; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-shade; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-soil-moisture; Regeneration,-natural-effect-of-soil-reaction; Reproductive-behaviour; Seedlings-ecology-of; Sequoia-gigantea

E *
62 Bellue A J 1930 a
A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Mariposa Grove.






Title: A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Mariposa Grove

E
72 Bellue A J 1930 b
A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Merced Grove.






Title: A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Merced Grove

E
73 Bellue A J 1930 c
A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Tuolumne Grove.






Title: A technical report on the Sequoia gigantea of Tuolumne Grove

E
74 Benson N J 1985
Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest.
Workshop on Management of Giant Sequoia, Reedly, CA


USDA Forest Service
Title: Management of giant sequoia on Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest

E
75 Berland O
1963
Giant forest's reservation: the legend and the mystery.





San Francisco, CA Title: Giant forest's reservation: the legend and the mystery

E
76 Berry E W 1923
Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past.




Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, MD Title: Tree ancestors; a glimpse into the past

E
77 Berthon J Y 1987 Boyer, N; et al. Sequential rooting media and rooting capacity of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro. Peroxidase activity as a marker.
Plant Cell Report 6 5 341-344


The rooting capacities of tips of seedling, juvenile and mature shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum were compared on different rooting media (inductive and expressive media) after passage on an elongating medium. None of the cuttings rooted when continuously kept on medium containing the auxin NAA and vitamin D2. Peroxidase activity of all those cuttings on NAA + D2 first increased during the 7-9 first days and decreased in the days after. Rooting was obtained by transfer of the cuttings after periods longer than 7-9 days from the NAA + D2 inductive medium to a basal medium supplemented or not with rutin (expressive medium). The rooting capacity was emphasized by rutin treatment and was in correlation with the peroxidase peak reached on the NAA + D2 medium. Seedings, characterised by the highest perioxidase activity, were most performing in rooting
E
78 Berthon J Y 1989 Maldiney, R; et al. Endogenous levels of plant hormones during the course of adventitious rooting in cuttings of Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl) in vitro.
Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 184 5-6 405-412

Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; Plant-composition; enzymes-; Growth-regulators; abscisic-acid; IAA-; zeatin-; cytokinins-; rooting-; cuttings-; Zeatin-riboside; plant-growth-regulators; growth-inhibitors; conifers-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; Sequoiadendron-

E *
79 Berthon J Y 1990 Bentahar, S; et al. Rooting phases of shoots of Sequoiadendron giganteum in vitro and their requirements.
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 28 5 631-638

in-vitro-culture; micropropagation-; culture-media; auxins-; forest-trees; biotechnology-; tissue-culture; shoots-; rooting-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; plant-growth-regulators; trees; woody-plants; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms

E *
80 Berthon J Y 1991 Boyer, N; et al. Uptake, distribution and metabolism of 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid in shoots of juvenile and mature clones of Sequoiadendron giganteum in relation to rooting in vitro.
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 29 4 355-362

Conifers-; Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; clones-; Growth-regulators; 2,4-D; Roots-; plant-physiology; Tissue-culture; explants-; Age-of-trees; metabolism-; uptake-; cuttings-; rooting-; shoots-; plant-growth-regulators; Sequoiadendron-; Sequoiadendron-giganteum; phenoxyacetic-herbicides; phenoxy-herbicides; herbicides; pesticides; Taxodiaceae; Pinopsida; gymnosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Sequoiadendron

E *
81 Bishop F E 1985
A brief history of the big tree and the big stump.




F.E. Bishop CA Title: A brief history of the big tree and the big stump

E
82 Biswell H H 1961
The big trees and fire.
National Parks Magazine (April issue) 35
11-14



Content: The role of fire in giant sequoia groves is discussed.
Applicable to: Fire, organic debris, and vegetation ecosystem elements.
Critical Findings: This is an early report by Dr. Biswell, a pioneer in fire ecology research in giant sequoia-mixed conifer groves.		 E;P
83 Biswell H H 1964
Studies in the development of the Sierra redwood forest.




University of California Berkeley, CA Title: Studies in the development of the Sierra redwood forest

E
84 Biswell H H 1966 a Gibbens, RP; et al. Big tree understory and hidden views.
California Agriculture 20
2-3

Abies-concolor-regeneration,-natural; Libocedrus-decurrens; Pinus-lambertiana-regeneration,-natural; Pinus-ponderosa-regeneration,-natural; Regeneration,natural-; Sequoia-gigantea-regeneration,-natural; Shade-tolerance; Silviculture-; Understorey-in-amenity-forest

E *
85 Biswell H H 1966 b Buchanan, H; et al. Ecology of the vegetation of a second-growth sequoia forest.
Ecology 47 4 630-634

Abies-concolor-regeneration,-natural; Clear-fellings-succession-after; Ecology,-plant; Libocedrus-decurrens; Pinus-lambertiana-regeneration,-natural; Pinus-ponderosa-regeneration,-natural; Second-growth-stands; Sequoia-gigantea-regeneration,-natural; Succession-; Succession-on-clear-fellings; Synecology-

E *
86 Biswell H H 1966 c Gibbens, RP; et al. Litter production by big trees and associated species.
California Agriculture 20
5-7

Abies-concolor-litter/humus; Libocedrus-decurrens; Litter,-forest-amounts-produced-by-different-spp.; Pinus-lambertiana-litter/humus; Pinus-ponderosa-litter/humus; Sequoia-gigantea-litter/humus; Soils-; Soils-formation

E*
87 Biswell H H 1968 Weaver, H Redwood Mountain.
American Forests

4 pages

Title: Redwood Mountain

E
88 Biswell H